ebruary

The history and archaeology of Chang’an, capital of the Western Han dynasty

An annotated bibliography

Donald B. Wagner
7 February 2011

This bibliography includes items which I have come across through years of collecting, plus items which I have been able to find through straightforward bibliographic searches in relation to each topic. It is therefore somewhat idiosyncratic, including much that is only peripherally relevant but undoubtedly missing some much more relevant material.

The bibliographic software I use, Endnote version X2, gives the possibility of attaching one graphic file to each entry. I have often used this possibility to provide one illustration from the publication, and sometimes for various other purposes. Click on any image to see it enlarged.

General

Field observation
Archaeological investigation
Debates

Historical sources

Kao gong ji 考工記
Sanfu huangtu 三輔黃土
Xi jing fu 西京賦
Xi jing zaji 西京雜記

City walls

Gates

Streets and bridges
Markets
Palaces

Beigong 北宫
Changle gong 長樂宮
Chengshan gong 成山宮
Ganquan gong 甘泉宮
Guigong 桂宮
Weiyang gong 未央宮

Parks
Production sites

Armoury
Foundries
Granaries
Kilns
Toilets

Ritual sites
Conservation
Possibly useful

Complete alphabetical listing

General

Brennan, T. Corey, and Hsing I-tien [Xing Yitian] 邢義田. 2010.: ‘The Eternal City and the City of Eternal Peace’. In China’s early empires: A re-appraisal, edited by M. Nylan and M. Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–212.

Ancient Rome and Han Chang’an compared.

Chen Bo 陈博, and Sun Lu 孙璐. 2009.: ‘“Sanfu” diqu Han-dai chengzhi yi “Huanzhuang zhengqu” guannian’ “ 三辅”地区汉代城址与“环状政区”观念. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2009.2: 30–33.

Han city-sites in the capital [Three Adjuncts] region and the concept of ‘rings of the goverrnmental region’

The article takes the Sanfu region to be roughly the entire Wei valley region, rather than only the three commanderies immediately surrounding the capital. The article discusses the distribution of city-sites in the region, and gives a map showing their locations. The phrase huanzhuang zhengqu comes from the Erya 尔雅 dictionary.

Cheng Te-k’un [Zheng Dekun 鄭德坤]. 1978.: ‘Ch’in-Han architectural remains’ 秦漢建築遺存. Journal of the Institute of Chinese studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong / Xianggang Zhongwen Daxue Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiusuo xuebao 香港中文大學中國文化研究所學報 9.2: 503–583.
中文摘要, p. 584.

‘Western Han ruins in and around the capital’, pp. 515–526. ‘Hsin architectural ruins’, pp. 557–568.

Dituji. 1998.: Zhongguo wenwu dituji: Shǎnxi fence 中国文物地图集陕西分册. 2 vols. Xi’an: Xi’an Ditu Chubanshe 西安地图出版社.

Atlas of Chinese cultural relics: Shaanxi

Short abstracts of all aspects of the archaeology of Shaanxi province. Excellent maps and colour photographs of artefacts and features.

Han Chang’an cheng. 2008.: Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – Jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui lunwenji 汉长安城与汉文化--纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国际学术研讨会论文集. Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 598.

Han Chang’an and Han culture: Papers from the International Conference celebrating 50 years of archaeology at Han Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Google Books.

Han Guohe 韩国河. 2001.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng guihua sixiang bianxi’ 汉长安城规划思想辨析. Zhengzhou Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) 郑州大学学报( 哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Zhengzhou University [Philosophy and social sciences edition]) 34.5: 61–65.

Analysis of the ideas behind the city plan of Han Chang’an

Han Jianwu 韩建武, Zhang Peixin 张沛心, Tan Qianxue 谭前学, and Dong Li 董理. 2005.: ‘Yongheng de Luoma, buxiu de Chang’an – Gu Luoma wenming zhan, Han Chang’an wenwu zhanlan xunli’ 永恒的罗马不朽的长安　古罗马文明展、汉长安文物展巡礼. Shoucang jia 收藏家 (Collector) 2005.5: 3–10.

Eternal Rome, undying Chang’an: a visit to ‘Ancient Roman civilization’ and ‘Relics from Han Chang’an’

Two exhibitions were held simultaneously in Xi’an in 2005. Article has excellent colour photographs of artefacts. Some discussion of the Chang’an city-site.

Jiang Bo 姜波. 2002.: ‘“Gudai ducheng yu diling kaoguxue yanjiu” du hou’ «古代都城与帝陵考古学研究»读后. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.4: 377–383.
Brief English abstract, p. 377 – see image.

Thoughts on reading Archaeological studies of capitals and Imperial mausolea, by Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2007.: ‘“Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui“ zai Xi’an zhaokai’ 汉长安城与汉文化　–　纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国际学术研讨会. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.1: 94.

Han Chang’an and Han culture – International conference celebrating fifty years of excavations of Han Chang’an

Brief report of a conference held in Xi’an in 2006.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2008.: ‘Shǎnxi Qin Han kaogu wushi nian zongshu’ 陕西秦汉考古五十年综述. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2008.6: 96–160.
Brief English abstract, p. 160.

Fifty years of Qin–Han archaeology in Shaanxi

Important review, with a very extensive bibliography. On the archaeology of Han Chang’an, pp. 122–129.

Kaogu. 2007.: ‘“Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui“ jiyao’ "汉长安城与汉文化　–　纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国际学术研讨会"纪要. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2007.6: 570–576.
Brief English abstract, p. 570.

Report on “Han Chang’an and Han culture – International conference celebrating fifty years of excavations of Han Chang’an”

Conference held in Xi’an in 2006.

Li Chuanyong 李传永. 2003.: ‘Woguo zuizao de weixing chengzhen – lun Xi Han Chang’an zhu lingxian’ 我国最早的卫星城市—论西汉长安诸陵县. Sichuan Shifan Xueyuan xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) 四川师范学院学报( 哲学社会科学版) (Journal of Sichuan Teachers College [Philosophy and Social Sciences]) 2003.1.

The earliest satellite towns in China: The ‘mausoleum prefectures’ of Western Han Chang’an

Families were relocated in ‘mausoleum prefectures’, ostensibly to maintain Imperial tombs but also for miitary and political reasons.

Li Rusen 李如森. 1994.: ‘Xian Qin gu cheng yanbian yu Han Chang’an cheng moshi queli’ 先秦古城演变与汉长安城模式确立. Beifang wenwu 北方文物 (‘Northern cultural relics’) 1994.1: 10–18.

The development of cities in pre-Qin times and the establishment of the pattern of Han Chang’an

Reviews a large number of pre-Qin city sites and discusses Han Chang’an in relation to the description of city planning in Kao gong ji 考工记. Numerous references to city-site excavation reports.

Li Shuang 李爽. 2002.: ‘Gudu jianshe de jicheng he fazhan - Cong Han Chang’an cheng dao Tang Chang’an cheng’ 古都建设的继承和发展—从汉长安城到唐长安城. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2002.4: 40–44.

Continuity and development in the construction of ancient capitals – from Han Chang’an to Tang Chang’an

Li Yuchun 李遇春, and Jiang Kairen 姜开任. 1981.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi’ 汉长安城遗址. Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1981.1: 88–90.

The site of the Han city of Chang’an

Brief description of the site, with some information on recent excavations. One poor photograph.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng de kaogu faxian he yanjiu’ 汉长安城的考古发现和研究. Henan Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 河南大学学报(社会科学版) (‘Journal of Henan University [Social science]’) 1981.2: 70–74.

Archaeological discoveries and studies at Han Chang’an

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng de kaogu faxian he yanjiu’ 汉长安城的考古发现和研究. Henan Shifan Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 河南示范大学学报(社会科学版) (‘Journal of Henan Normal University [Social science]’) 1981.2: •••.

Archaeological discoveries and studies at Han Chang’an

Not seen. Source: see image.

Li Zhihui 李志慧. 2001.: ‘Lun Xi Han Chang’an wenhua de duoyuanxing’ 论西汉长安文化的多源性. Shǎnxi Guangbo Dianshi Daxue xuebao 陕西广播电视大学学报 (‘Journal of Shaanxi Radio and Television University’) 3.1: 15–18.

The pluralism of the culture of Han Chang’an

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, and Li Yufang 李毓芳. 2003.: Han Chang’an cheng 汉长安城. (20 shiji Zhongguo wenwu kaogu faxian yu yanjiu congshu 20世纪中国文物考古发现与研究丛书). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 230 pp.

The Han city of Chang’an

Not seen. Source: SCWW 2003.6: 42 and Google Books.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, and Li Yufang 李毓芳. 2006.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu de huigu yu zhanwang – Jinian Han Cheng’an cheng kaogu ban’ge shiji’ 汉长安城考古的回顾与瞻望 – 纪念汉长安城考古半个世纪. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 876–885.
Brief English abstract, p. 876.

Archaeology of Han Chang’an – Review and a look forward. Commemorating a half century of Han Chang’an archaeology

Includes a review of problems which remain to be solved.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1996.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng de kaogu faxian ji xiangguan wenti yanjiu – Jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo sishi nian’ 汉长安城的考古发现及相关问题研究 – 纪念汉长安城考古工作四十年. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 865–878.

Archaeological discoveries at Han Chang’an and related questions: Celebrating 40 years of archaeological work at Han Chang’an

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1999.: ‘Qin Han kaoguxue wushi nian’ 秦汉考古学五十年. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1999.9: 803–814 + pls 5–6.

Fifty years of Qin–Han archaeology

The history of excavations at Han Chang’an and Luoyang, pp. 804–805.

Liu Wenrui 刘文瑞. 1987.: ‘Shilun Xi Han Chang’an de weixing chengzhen’ 试论西汉长安的卫星城镇. Shǎnxi difangzhi tongxun 陕西地方志通讯 (Shaanxi local gazetteer news) 1987.5: 40–••.

The satellite towns of Han Chang’an

Not seen. Source Wenbo 1988.5: 94.

Liu Yangzhi 刘仰智, and Guo Fengping 郭风平. 2008.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yu gu Luoma cheng liangshi wenti yanjiu’ 汉长安城与古罗马城粮食问题研究. Anhui nongye kexue 安徽农业科学 (‘Journal of Anhui agricultural science’) 36.36: 16244–16246.

‘Study on the food problem in Chang’an city in Han dynasty and ancient Roman Empire’

Lu Xiqi 鲁西奇, and Ma Jian 马剑. 2009.: ‘Chengqiang nei de chengshi? Zhongguo gudai zhisuo chengshi xingtai de zai renshi’ 城墙内的城市？– 中国古代治所城市形态的再认识. Zhongguo shehui jingji shi yanjiu 中国社会经济史研究 (‘The journal of Chinese social and economic history’) 2009.2: 7–16.

Cities within walls? New light on the form of ancient Chinese administrative cities

Argues against the assumption that all Chinese administrative centres had walls. Includes some discussion of Han Chang’an. Extensive bibliography.

Lu Yingjing 陆莹晶, and Huang Xianfeng 黄险峰. 2010.: ‘Tang, Han Chang’an chengzhi guihua de bijiao’ 唐、汉长安城市规划之比较. Jiazhi gongcheng 价值工程 (Value engineering) 2010.2: 218–219.
Brief English abstract, p. 218.

‘Studies on the Comparison between Tang and Han Chang'an’

Ma Xianxing 馬先醒. 1976.: ‘Han Chang’an lidi kao’ 汉长安里第考. In Han jian yu Han-dai chengshi 漢簡與漢代城市. Taibei: Jiandu she 簡牘社.

The wards of Han Chang’an

Not seen. Source: KG 1989.4: 356, fn. 4 & Google Books.

Ma Zhenglin 马正林. 1979.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingqi yiqian Xi’an diqu de ziran huanjing’ 汉长安城兴起以前西安地区的自然环境. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 1979.3: 56–66.

The natural environment of the Xi’an region before the rise of Han Chang’an

Ma Zhenglin 马正林. 1994.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng zongti buju de dili tezheng’ 汉长安城总体布局的地理特征. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 23.4: 60–66.

Geographical characteristics of the overall layout of Han Chang’an

Pirazzoli-t’Serstevens, Michèle. 2010.: ‘Urbanism’. In China’s early empires: A re-appraisal, edited by M. Nylan and M. Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 169–185.

Largely concerned with the archaeology of the Han capitals Chang’an and Luoyang.

Qin Jianming 秦建明, Zhang Zaiming 张在明, and Yang Zheng 杨政. 1995.: ‘Shǎnxi faxian yi Han Chang’an wei zhongxin de Xi Han nanbei xiang chaochang jianzhu jixian’ 陕西发现以汉长安城为中心的西汉南北向超长建筑基线. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1995.3: 4–15.

A north-south axis with Han Chang’an at the centre discovered in Shaanxi

The axis stretches 74 km almost precisely north-south running through several important Western Han ritual sites. The possibility of an east-west axis is also suggested. Brief descriptions of the sites involved.

Shang Minjie 尚民杰. 2001.: ‘Ming Xi’an fucheng zengzhu niandai kao’ 明西安府城曾筑年代考. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2001.1: 38–44.

The date of the refurbishment of the Ming city wall of Xi’an

This article is important because it gives the exact dimensions of the present city wall of Xi’an, which is essential in the interpretion of satellite photographs of the Han city.

Shi nian. 1991.: ‘Shi nian lai Shǎnxi sheng wenwu kaogu de xin faxian’ 十年来陕西省文物考古的新发现. In Wenwu kaogu gongzuo shi nian 1979–1989 文物考古工作十年1979–1989. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 293–315 + pl. 26.

New archaeological discoveries in Shaanxi in the last ten years

Useful review with extensive bibliography. On Han Chang’an, p. 304.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1998.: ‘Han Tang Chang’an cheng yu shengtai huanjing’ 汉唐长安城与生态环境. Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1998.1: 1–19.

Han and Tang Chang’an and their natural environment

Shouhuo. 1979.: ‘Jianguo yilai Shǎnxi sheng wenwu kaogu de shouhuo’ 建国以来陕西省文物考古的收获. In Wenwu kaogu gongzuo sanshi nian 1949–1979 文物考古工作三十年1949–1979. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 123–138 + pl. 11.

Archaeological results in Shaanxi since the founding of the Republic

Useful review with extensive bibliography. On Han Chang’an, pp. 129–130.

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 1986.: ‘Why Were Chang’an and Beijing so Different?’. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45.4: 339–357.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/990206

A very general discussion of the city plans of ancient Chinese cities. The Chang’an of the title is the Tang-period city-site, but there is some discussion of the Han city, pp. 345ff.

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 1990.: Chinese Imperial city planning. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. xii + 228 pp.

On Western Han Chang’an, pp. 54–71.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 2003.: ‘Shi Nianhai xiansheng yu Zhongguo guduxue yanjiu’ 史念海先生与中国古都学研究. Shixueshi yanjiu 史学史研究 (‘Journal of historiography’) 2003.1: 32–39.

Shi Nianhai and the study of China’s ancient capitals

On Han Chang’an, pp. 37–38. Complete list of Shi Nianhai’s publications on ancient capitals, p. 39 – see image.

Wang Xueli 王学理. 2007.: ‘Cong Qin Xianyang dao Han Chang’an de chengzhi chongdie (shang)’ 从秦咸阳到汉长安的城制重叠(上). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.5: 4–10.

Superimposed city plans from Qin Xianyang to Han Chang’an, part 1

Wang Xueli 王学理. 2007.: ‘Cong Qin Xianyang dao Han Chang’an de chengzhi chongdie (xia)’ 从秦咸阳到汉长安的城制重叠(下). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.6: 4–10.

Superimposed city plans from Qin Xianyang to Han Chang’an, part 2

Wang Yintian 王银田, and He Pei 何培. 2010.: ‘Han-dai chengqiang qianyi’ 汉代城墙浅议. Zhongyuan wenwu 中原文物 (‘Cultural relics of central China’) 2010.2: 50–53, 65.

The city walls of the Han period

Some discussion of Han Chang’an.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊, Bai Yunxiang 白云翔, Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, Liu Zhendong 刘振东, An Jiayao 安家瑶, Li Yuchun 李遇春, Li Yufang 李毓芳, Zhang Jianfeng 张建锋, and Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 2006.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu 50 nian bitan’ 汉长安城考古50周年笔谈. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 867–875.
Brief English abstract, p. 867.

Symposium on fifty years of Han Chang’an archaeology

Short essays by nine major archaeologists.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1982.: ‘Zhongguo gudai ducheng gaishuo’ 中国古代都城概说. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1982.5: 505–515.

China’s ancient capitals

Lecture at a conference in Tokyo. Describes the history and archaeology of capitals at Chang’an and Luoyang from Han to Wei. Extensive bibliography.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1982.: Han civilization. Translated by K. C. Chang a.o. (Early Chinese civilization series). New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
261 pp.

Chapter 1, pp. 1–28, gives an overall description of the archaeology of the city-site.

Weiji baike. 2010 [accessed].: ‘Han Chang’an cheng’ 汉长安城. Weiji baike 维基百科 (Chinese Wikipedia).
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/%E6%B1%89%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%8E

The Han city of Chang’an

Brief description of the site and each of the major buildings and other features.

Wenbo. 1997.: ‘Shǎnxi sheng wenwu pucha zhuanhao’ 陕西省文物普查专号. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1997.3.

Theme issue: Survey of cultural relics of Shaanxi province

P. 36: Note on the 870-km north-south axis through the Anmen Gate extending through numerous Han sites. P. 48: Brief note on Han Chang’an. P. 39: Photograph of the remains of the south city wall.

Wu Hung [巫鴻]. 1995.: Monumentality in early Chinese art and architecture. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. xx+376 pp.

Ch. 3, ‘The monumental city Chang’an’, pp. 143–187.

Xiang Yang 相阳. 1992.: Xi’an, ancienne capitale de la Chine 中国古都西安. Beijing: Editions en Langues Etrangères (Waiwen Chubanshe 外文出版社). 163 pp.

Brief description of Qin Xianyang and Han Chang’an, pp. 24–30.

Xiao Gang 小刚. 2005.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng – Zhongguo zui zao de guoji dadu’ 汉长安城—中国最早的国际大都市. Shǎnxi Shenji 陕西审计 (Shaanxi audit) 2005.S2: 42.

Han Chang’an: China’s first international capital

Xu Weimin 徐卫民, and Fang Yuan 方原. 2009.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng zhibei yanjiu’ 汉长安城植被研究. Xibei Daxue xuebao (Ziran kexue ban) 西北大学学报(自然科学版) (‘Journal of NorthwestUniversity [Natural Science Edition]’ 39.5: 846–850.
Brief English abstract, p. 850.

The vegetation of Han Chang’an

Largely based on classical written sources.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 2007.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng dui zhoubian shui huanjing de gaizao yu liyong’ 汉长安城对周边水环境的改造与利用. Henan Keji Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 河南科技大学学报(社会科学版) (‘Journal of Henan University of Science and Technology [Social science]’) 25.6: 5–10.
Brief English abstract, p. 10.

The transformation and utilization of the surrounding water environment in Han Chang’an

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 2008.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng de li-zhi yanjiu’ 汉长安城中的里制研究. Tangdu xuekan 唐都学刊 (‘Tangdu Journal’) 24.3: 1–5.
Brief English abstract, p. 5.

The ward system of Han Chang’an

Zhang Yonglu 张永禄, ed. 1993.: Han-dai Chang’an cidian. Xi’an difangzhi congshu 西安地方志丛书. Xi’an: Shǎnxi Renmin Chubanshe 陕西人民出版社. 614 pp.

Dictionary of Han Chang’an

Brief essays on all aspects of the history and archaeology of Han Chang’an and its surroundings, thematically arranged. Includes a useful index.

Field observation

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 1933.: Ch&omacr;an shiseki no kenky&umacr; 長安史蹟の研究. 2 vols. (T&omacr;y&omacr; Bunko rons&omacr; 東洋文庫論叢, 020). T&omacr;ky&omacr;: T&omacr;y&omacr; Bunko 東洋文庫. 292 pp.

Remains of Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Waseda University Library on-line catalogue. Note Chinese translations, Adachi 2003 and 2006.

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 2003.: Chang’an shiji yanjiu 长安史迹研究. Translated by Wang Shuanghuai 王双怀 and Tan Yicheng 谈懿诚. San Qin Chubanshe 三秦出版社. ••• pp.
Original 1933.

Remains of Chang’an

Not seen. Brief review, Wenwu tiandi 2003.12: 62: Field observations 1906–1910, including many features which have since been destroyed. Numerous photographs.

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 2006.: Zhongguo zaoqi kaogu diaocha baogao [yi], Chang'an shi ji kao 中国早期考古调査报告. [一], 长安史迹考. Translated by Yang Lian 杨鍊. Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju 线装书局.
Orig. 1933.

Report on early Chinese archaeological investigations. 1: Remains of Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Waseda University Library on-line catalogue.

Alexeieff, V. 1909.: ‘Archaeological survey of the environs of China’s ancient capitals’. Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 40: 1–9.
http://www.scribd.com/full/45423616?access_key=key-2jnkqd4jd200nbevxj6j

Brief mention of Xi’an and Chang’an.

Bishop, Carl Whiting. 1938.: ‘An Ancient Chinese Capital: Earthworks at Old Ch‘ang-an’. Antiquity 12: 68–78 + pls 1–4.
http://antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/012/0068/Ant0120068.pdf

A visit to the site of Han Chang’an, with some archaeological detail and historical notes.

Dong Hongwen 董鸿闻, Liu Qihe 刘起鹤, Zhou Jianxun 周建勋, Zhang Yinghu 张应虎, and Mei Xingquan 梅兴铨. 2000.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi cehui yanjiu huode de xin xinxi’ 汉长安城遗址测绘研究获得的新信息. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2000.5: 39–49.

New results from a topographical survey of the site of Han Chang’an

New and better measurements by the Shaanxi Topographic Survey. Precise measurements of the walls and other features.

Liu Jianguo 刘建国. 1996.: ‘Huanjing yaogan zai chengzhi kaogu zhong de yingyong chutan – Han Chang’an cheng huanjing kaogu de changshi’ 环境遥感在城址考古中的应用初探 – 汉长安城环境考古的尝试. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.7: 652–655 + pl. 7.

The use of environmental remote sensing in city-site archaeology: Trial use of environmental remote sensing archaeology at Han Chang’an

Use of digital processing of aerial photographs.

Yu Weichao 俞伟超. 1956.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng xibei bu kancha ji’ 汉长安城西北部勘查记. Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1956.5: 20–26 + pl. 7.

Survey of the northwestern part of Han Chang’an

Archaeological investigation

Cai Yonghua 蔡永华. 1988.: ‘Shǎnxi liang Han kaogu jicui’ 陕西两汉考古集萃. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1988.5/6: 90–98.

Important achievements of Han archaeology in Shaanxi

Brief descriptions of important excavations, including the walls and buildings of Han Chang’an and the Imperial tombs.

Chang’an cheng. 2006.: Han Chang’an cheng yizhi yanjiu 汉长安城遗址研究. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 670.

Studies of the site of Han Chang’an

Not seen. Brief review, Kaogu 2006.11: 1056.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1984.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng de fajue’ 汉长安城的发掘. In Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he yanjiu 新中国的考古和研究. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 393–397, 495 + pls. 114–116.

Excavation of the Han city Chang’an

General description of the archaeology of the city-site. Notes briefly some written sources. In the 2007 repr. the article is on pp. 387–391.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu zongshu’ 汉长安城考古综述. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1981.1: 123–124, 122.

The archaeology of Han Chang’an

General description of the excavation results.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1994.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng de fajue yu yanjiu’ 汉长安城的发掘与研究. In Han Tang yu bianjiang kaogu yanjiu 汉唐与边疆考古研究 (‘Archaeological researches on the Han–Tang period and border areas of ancient China’). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社, pp. 31–47.

Excavation and studies of Han Chang’an

General description of the site, including discussion of debated points: the function of the wall, the location of the two markets, and the relation with the ideal description in Kao gong ji 考工记.

Liu Zhiping 刘致平. 1957.: ‘Xi’an xibei jiao gudai jianzhu yizhi kancha chuji’ 西安西北郊古代建筑遗址勘查初记. Wenwu cankao ziliao 文物参考资料 (Cultural relics reference materials) 1957.3: •••.

Preliminary report on a survey of a building site in the northwestern suburb of Xi’an

Not seen. Cited, Xin Zhongguo de kaogu shouhuo 1961: 128, fn. 266.

Shǎnxi Shuili. 2001.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi chutu erqian duo nian qian paizhui qudao’ 汉长安城遗址出土二千多年前排水渠道. Shǎnxi Shuili 陕西水利 (Shaanxi water conservancy) 2001.3: 45.

A 2000-year-old drainage channel unearthed at the site of Han Chang’an

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1957.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo de chubu shouhuo’ 漠长安城考古工作的初步收获. Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1957.5: 102–110 + pls 19–22.

First results from archaeological work at Han Chang’an

Debates

Chen Xibo 陈喜波, and Han Guanghui 韩光辉. 2007.: ‘Han Chang’an “dou cheng” guihua tanxi’ 汉长安“斗城”规划探析. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.1: 69–72.

The “dipper-shaped wall” of Han Chang’an

The belief that the shape of the Chang’an city wall imitates three steliar constellations.

Li Xiaobo 李小波, and Chen Xibo 陈喜波. 2001.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng “dou cheng shuo” de zai sikao’ 汉长安城”斗城说“的再思考. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 63–65.

Further thoughts on the “dipper wall theory” of Han Chang’an

Statement in Sanfu huangtu that the city walls are shaped like constellations.

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1997.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng de buju yu jiegou’ 汉长安城的布局与结构. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1997.5: 71–74, 54.

The layout and structure of Han Chang’an

General description, with some discussion of excavation history.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1987.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng buju jiegou bianxi – yu Yang Kuan xiansheng shangque’ 汉长安城布局结构辨析　–　与杨宽先生商榷. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1987.10: 937–944.

The arrangement and structure of Han Chang’an: Response to Yang Kuan

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1992.: ‘Zai lun Han Chang’an cheng buju jiegou ji qi xiangguan wenti: Da Yang Kuan xiansheng’ 再论汉长安城布局结构及其相关问题 – 答杨宽先生. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1992.7: 632–639.

Again on the arrangement and structure of Han Chang’an and related questions: Reply to Yang Kuan

Contribution to a debate on the placement of the palaces and markets. Numerous references to classical written sources.

Liu Yunyong 刘运勇. 1992.: ‘Zai lun Xi Han Chang’an buju ji xingcheng yuanyin’ 再论西汉长安布局结构及形成原因. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1992.7: 640–645, 639.

Again on the arrangement of Western Han Chang’an and the reason for its form

Ma Xianxing 馬先醒. 1973.: Han-dai Chang’an cheng zhi yingzhu ji qi xingzhi 漢代長安城之營築及其形制. Zhongguo Wenhua Xueyuan 中國文化學院. 44 pp.

The building of Han Chang’an and its character

Not seen. Source: Google Books.

Ma Zhenglin 马正林. 1992.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingzhuang bianxi’ 汉长安城形状辨析. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1992.5: 87–90, 38.

The shape of Han Chang’an

Argues against the theory that the wall is shaped after stellar constellations.

Meng Fanren 孟凡人. 1994.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingzhi buju zhong de jige wenti’ 汉长安城性质布局中的几个问题. In Han Tang yu bianjiang kaogu yanjiu 汉唐与边疆考古研究 (‘Archaeological researches on the Han–Tang period and border areas of ancient China’). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社, pp. 48–66.

Some debated questions on the form and arrangement of Han Chang’an

Wide-ranging discussion of debated points.

Sahara Yasuo 佐原康夫. 2001.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng zaikao’ 汉长安城再考. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 85–93.
Tr. by Zhang Hongyan 张宏彦.

Further studies of Han Chang’an

Detailed discussion of the locations of the various palaces and other features. Considers the debate between Yang Kuan and Liu Qingzhu.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 1992.: ‘Lun Han Chang’an cheng xingzhi buju zhong de jige wenti’ 论汉长安城形制布局中的几个问题. Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Journal of Chinese Historical Geography’) 1992.2: 131–143, 251.

Some problems on the layout of Han Chang’an

English abstract, p. 251: ‘The paper discusses the characteristics of Chang An city, including the mean axes, the principles of layout and the relation in space between the city proper and its suburbs. The author puts forward an idea that the Chang An city of the Han dynasty was different from other cities in the relations between the inner city and the outer city. However, the layout of palace and market still followed the principle advocated in the book Artificer's Record of the Ritual of Zhou.’

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 2001.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng dou cheng laiyou zaitan’ 汉长安城斗城来由再探. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 60–62, 84.

The origin of the “dipper wall” of Han Chang’an

Reviews various theories on the shape of the wall.

Wang Zijin 王子今. 2007.: ‘Xi Han Chang’an jumin de shengcun kongjian’ 西汉长安居民的生存空间. Renwen zazhi 人文杂志 (Humanities journal) 2007.2: 150–158.

The living space of the inhabitants of Han Chang’an

The Han shu gives the population of Chang’an in the Western Han period as 246,200, and scholars believe that the true figure may have been as high as 500,000. So many cannot have lived in the area within the city walls as known from archaeology, and the population figure must include the surrounding ‘districts’ (xiang 乡)。

Wu Hongqi 吴宏岐. 1997.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingqi yu shuailuo yuanyin de fengshui jieshi’ 汉长安城兴起与衰落原因的风水学解释. Tangdu xuekan 唐都学刊 (‘Tangdu Journal’) 13.3: 35–38.

A fengshui explanation for the rise and decline of Han Chang’an

The author appears to believe quite seriously that fengshui theory can explain major historical developments.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 2008.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingzhuang xingcheng yuanyin xintan’ 汉长安城形状形成原因新探. Fujian luntan · Renwen shehui kexue ban 福建论坛·人文社会科学版 (Fujian forum: Humanities and social science) 2008.2: 53–57.

The reason for the shape of Han Chang’an

Reviews the various theories concerning the irregular shape of the city.

Yang Kuan 杨宽. 1984.: ‘Xi Han Chang’an buju jiegou de tantao’ 西汉长安布局结构的探讨. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1984.1 (chuangkan hao 创刊号): 19–24.

The arrangement and structure of Han Chang’an

Detailed discussion largely on the basis of written sources.

Yang Kuan 杨宽. 1989.: ‘Xi Han Chang’an buju jiegou de zai tantao’ 西汉长安布局结构的再探讨. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.4: 348–356.
Repr., Yang Kuan 1993: 573–592.

Once again on the arrangement and structure of Western Han Chang’an

Reply to criticism of an earlier article on the placement of palaces and markets within the walls.

Yang Kuan 楊寬. 1993.: Zhongguo gudai ducheng zhidu shi yanjiu 中國古代都城制度史研究. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe 上海古籍出版社. 613 pp.

Studies on the arrangement of ancient Chinese capital cities

A historical study of China’s capital cities from the earliest times to the Qing period. On Han Chang’an, pp. 109–133. Further on the debate with Liu Qingzhu, pp. 573–592, 593–613.

Zhou Huijuan 周会娟. 2007.: ‘Cong fengshui lilun defazhan kan Han Chang’an cheng de xingshuai’ 从风水理论的发展看汉长安城的兴衰. Harbin Daxue xuebao 哈尔滨学院学报 (‘Journal of Harbin University’) 28.11: 83–86.
Brief English abstract, p. 86.

The rise and decline of Han Chang’an in the light of the development of fengshui theory

The plan of Chang’an was incorrect, with the Emperor in the south rather than the north.

Historical sources

Hotaling, Stephen James. 1978.: ‘The City Walls of Han Ch’ang-an’. T’oung Pao 64.1/3: 1–46.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4528127

Gives a useful review of the classical sources, but comes to badly mistaken conclusions. Compare Xin Zhongguo de Kaogu shouhuo 1961: 80.

Huang Xiaoying 黄小荥. 2000.: ‘Gudai Xi’an jiandu yinyou kao’ 古代西安建都因由考. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2000.5: 32–33, 70.

The reason why so many ancient capitals were at Xi’an, Shaanxi

Based on written sources.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1997.: ‘Zui zao jianzhi ducheng de gousi ji qi yingxiang’ 最早建置都城的构思及其影响. Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1997.4: 1–22.

The plans of the earliest Chinese capitals and their influence

Largely concerned with written sources on Qin Xianyang and Han Chang’an.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1998.: ‘Han-dai Chang’an cheng de yingjian guimo - Jin yi ci wen gonghe Bai Shouyi jiaoshou jiushi dashou’ 汉代长安城的营建规模—谨以此文恭贺白寿彝教授九十大寿. Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1998.2: 1–40, 239.

The scale of construction of Han Chang’an: In honour of Professor Bai Shouyi’s 90th birthday

Brief English abstract, p. 239: ‘As the capital of the Han Dynasty, Chang’an City played an important role in the history of Chinese ancient capitals. Based on a comprehensive research, the article discusses the scale of the construction and the concrete reasons of thriving and declining of the city.’

Extensive review of classical written sources.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1998.: ‘Zui zao jianzhi ducheng de gousi ji qi dui Han Tang zhu dai de yingxiang’ 最早建置都城的构思及其对汉唐诸代的影响. Datong Zhiye Jishuxue Xueyuan xuebao 大同职业技术学院学报 (‘Journal of Datong College’) 12.3: 1–11, 21.

The plans of China’s earliest capitals and their influence in the Han and Tang periods

Wang Zhijie 王志杰. 1998.: ‘Xi Han Sanfu zhi yuanlin jingguan’ 西汉三辅之园林景观. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1998.6: 54–57.

Park landscapes of the Sanfu [Three Adjuncts] region in Western Han

Based largely on classical written sources.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 2009.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng dui Qin du Xianyang de jicheng yu chuangxin’ 汉长安城对秦都咸阳的继承与创新. Tangdu xuekan 唐都学刊 (‘Tangdu Journal’) 25.1: 1–5.
Brief English abstract, p. 5.

Continuity and innovation between Xianyang, capital of Qin, and Han Chang’an

Kao gong ji 考工記

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1998.: ‘«Zhouli · Kao gong ji · Jiangren ying guo» de zhuanzhu yuanyuan’ 《周礼· 考工记· 匠人营国》的撰著渊源. Chuantong wenhua yu xiandaihua 传统文化与现代化 (Traditional culture and modernization) 1998.3: 46–56.

The origin of the chapter on capital city planning in Kao gong ji

Zhou Changshan 周长山. 2001.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yu “Kao gong ji”’ 汉长安城与«考工记». Wenwu chunqiu 文物春秋 (Cultural relics annals) 2001.4: 50–53.

Han Chang’an and Kao gong ji|

Discussion of the archaeology of Han Chang’an in relation to the description of an ideal city in Kao gong ji.

Sanfu huangtu 三輔黃土

He Qinggu 何清谷. 1990.: ‘“Sanfu huangtu” de chengshu ji qi banben’ «三辅黄图»的成书及其版本. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1990.2: 28–32.

The origin of the Sanfu huangtu and its editions

Sanfu huangtu describes Xianyang 咸阳 and Chang’an, the capitals of Qin and Western Han. It may have been written as early as late Eastern Han, or as late as the Tang period.

Xi jing fu 西京賦

Gao Jing 高静. 2007.: ‘Cong «Xi jing fu» kan Xi Han Chang’an cheng de kongjian guannian’ 从《西京赋》看西汉长安城的空间观念. Xiaofei daokan 消费导刊 (‘Consume guide’) 2007.12: 225.

The concept of space in Han Chang’an in the light of Zhang Heng’s 张衡 ‘Rhapsody on the Western Capital’

Xi jing zaji 西京雜記

Han Jinfang 韩晋芳, and Luo Jianjin 罗见今. 2003.: ‘«Xi jing zaji» zhong de Han-dai keji shiliao’ «西京杂记»中的科技史料. Gugong Bowuyuan yuankan 故宫博物院院刊 (‘Palace Museum journal’) 2003.3: 86–91.

Historical material on Han-period science and technology in Xi jing zaji

City walls

Kaogu. 2006.: ‘Xi’an shi Han Chang’an cheng chengqiang xi’nan jiao yizhi de zuantan yu shijue’ 西安市汉长安城城墙西南角遗址的钻探与式掘. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 904–916 + pls 3, 6.
Brief English abstract, p. 904.

Drill survey and test excavations of the site of the southwest corner of the city wall of Han Chang’an in Xi’an

Includes identification of animal bones from the site.

Zhou Changshan 周长山. 2003.: ‘Han dai de chengguo’ 汉代的城郭. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2003.2: 45–55.
English abstract, p. 55.

City walls of the Han period

Includes a long table of Han city-sites, with references to archaeological publications.

Gates

He Hannan 何汉南. 1989.: ‘Han Chang’an chengmen kao’ 汉长安城门考. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1989.2: 39–46.

The city gates of Han Chang’an

Detailed discussion on the basis of written sources alone.

Kaogu. 2009.: ‘Xi’an Han Chang’an cheng Zhicheng Men yizhi 2008 nian fajue jianbao’ 西安汉长安城直城门遗址2008年发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2009.5: 433–444 + pls 11–15.
Brief English abstract, p. 433.

Excavation in 2008 of the Zhicheng Gate site of Western Han Chang’an

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 2005.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng chengmen shulun’ 汉长安城城门述论. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2005.6: 54–58.

The city gates of Han Chang’an

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1958.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo shouhuo xuji – Xuanping men de fajue’ 漠疾安城考古工作收镬续记—宣平城门的发掘. Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1958.4: 23–32 + pls 1–4.

Further results from archaeological work at Han Chang’an: Excavation of Xuanping Gate

Streets and bridges

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 1999.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng ba jie jiu mo’ 汉长安城八街九陌. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1999.1: 25–28.

The “eight streets and nine lanes” of the Han city of Chang’an

Various historical sources state that Han Chang’an had eight jie (streets) and nine mo, and give names of eight streets. Many different interpretations have been offered for mo.

Zhang Huiru 张慧茹. 2006.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Yinmaqiao weizhi bianwu’ 汉长安城饮马桥位置辨误. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]) 35.5: 45.

Correction of the location of Yinma Bridge of Han Chang’an

Correction to Yang Kuan (2003: 224).

Markets

Lai Qiong 赖琼. 2003.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng shichang de buju yu guanli’ 汉长安城市场的布局与管理. Jiangxi shehui kexue 江西社会科学 (‘Jiangxi social sciences’) 2003.4: 99–102.

The layout and administration of markets in Han Chang’an

Lai Qiong 赖琼. 2004.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng de shichang buju yu guanli’ 汉长安城的市场布局与管理. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]) 33.1: 38–42.

The layout and administration of markets in Han Chang’an

Similar but not identical to Lai Qiong (2003).
English abstract, p. 42: ‘The layout and administration system of market in the Town of Chang’an in the Han Dynasty resulted from succession of the pre-Qin system and relevant development and innovation in account of time and place. The Han system succeeded the administration system in the past by introducing the system of miscellaneous market, the distribution of the court standing in the front and the market lying in the back, the pigeonhole arrangement, a combination of handcraft and commerce and a closed centralized system. Moreover, it developed a market administration of its own and made several innovations in the utility of the out-of-town market, expansion of the market scale, founding of the market committee and permission of businessmen housing inside the town. In a word, it was the contemporary characteristics and geographical conditions that motivated the development and innovation of the day.’

Xu Junfeng 徐君峰. 1993.: ‘Xi Han Chang’an zhi shichang ji qi fanrong de dili yinsu’ 西汉长安之市场及其繁荣的地理因素. Renwen zazhi 人文杂志 (Humanities journal) 1993.5: 88–91.

The markets of Western Han Chang’an and the geographical factors in their flourishing

Based entirely on classical written sources

Palaces

Tang Jinyu 唐金裕. 1959.: ‘Xi’an xijiao Han-dai jianzhu yizhi fajue baogao’ 西安西郊汉代建筑遗址发掘报告. Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 1959.2: 45–55 + pls 1–10 + foldout.
English abstract, pp. 54–55.

A Han-period building site in the western suburb of Xi’an

Yang Hongxun 杨鸿勋. 2001.: Gongdian kaogu tonglun 宫殿考古通论. Beijing: Zijincheng Chubanshe. ••• pp.

The archaeology of palaces

Not seen. Source Nylan & Loewe 2010: 586.

Beigong 北宫

Kaogu. 1996.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Beigong de kantan ji qi nanmian zhuanwa yao de fajue’ 汉长安城北宫的勘探及其南面砖瓦窑的发掘. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 887–896 + pls 1–3.

Survey of the site of the Northern Palace of Han Chang’an and excavation of brick kilns on its south side

Changle gong 長樂宮

Kaogu xuebao. 2004.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong er-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue baogao’ 汉长安城长乐宫二号建筑遗址发掘报告. Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 2004.1: 55–86 + pls 1–16.
English abstract, p. 86.

Excavation of Building site no. 2 of the Changle Palace at Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2003.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong paishui guandao yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城长乐宫排水管道遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2003.9: 801–806 + pl. 5.
Brief English abstract, p. 801.

Excavation of the drainage pipes of the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2005.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong faxian lingshi yizhi’ 汉长安城长乐宫发现凌室遗址. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2005.9: 771–774.
Brief English abstract, p. 771.

The site of an ice-house at the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an

Includes fine colour photographs of the excavation.

Kaogu. 2006.: ‘Xi’an shi Han Chang’an cheng Changle Gong si-hao jianzhu yizhi’ 西安市汉长安城长乐宫四号建筑遗址. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 894–903 + pls 1–2, 4–5, 8.
Brief English abstract, p. 894.

Building site no. 4 of the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an in Xi’an

Liu Zhendong 刘振东, and Zhang Jianfeng 张建锋. 2006.: ‘Xi Han Changle Gong yizhi de faxian yu chubu yanjiu’ 西汉长乐宫遗址的发现与初步研究. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 886–893 + pls 1–2, 4–5, 8.
Brief English abstract, p. 886.

Discovery of the site of the Western Han Changle Palace and preliminary studies

The walled area of the palace measures ca. 2×3 km and included at least six buildings, including an ice house. According to classical written sources this was the palace of the Empress Dowager.

Wenbo. 2005.: ‘Han Changlegong si-hao gongdian yizhi baohu gongcheng’ 汉长乐宫4号宫殿遗址保护工程. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.4: 44–45.

Project for the preservation of the site of Building no. 4 of the Han Changle Palace

Includes some information and colour photographs on the site and its excavation.

Chengshan gong 成山宮

Liu Huaijun 刘怀君, and Yan Huichan 严惠婵. 2003.: ‘Shǎnxi Meixian Qin Han Chengshan Gong yizhi de xin faxian’ 陕西眉县秦汉成山宫遗址的新发现. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2003.1: 3÷7, 58.

The newly discovered site of Chengshan Palace in Meixian County, Shaanxi

The site is ca. 110 km west of Xi’an. Tamped earth structures were found, which may be remains of walls or building foundations. Artefacts include ceramic building materials and some iron implements.

Ganquan gong 甘泉宮

Yao Shengmin 铫生民. 1992.: ‘Guanyu Han Ganquan gong zhuti jianzhu weizhi wenti’ 关于汉甘泉宫主体建筑位置问题. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1992.2: 93–98, 67.

The position of the major building of Ganquan Palace

Yao Shengmin 铫生民. 2003.: Ganquan gong zhi 甘泉宫志. Xi’an: San Qin Chubanshe 三秦出版社. ••• pp.

On the Ganquan Palace

Not seen. Source Nylan & Loewe 2010: 586.

Guigong 桂宮

Guigong. 2007.: Han Chang’an cheng Guigong: 1996–2001 nian kaogu fajue baogao 汉长安城桂宫. (Zhongguo tianye kaogu baogaoji: Kaoguxue zhuankan D.74 中国田野考古报告集　考古学专刊丁种第七四号). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社.
289 pp. + 155 pls + 48 colour pls. English abstract, pp. 4–10.

‘The Guigong Palace in the Han capital city Chang’an’

Detailed excavation report. The palace is 1840 × 900 m, enclosed by a wall 4 m thick and including seven architectural complexes. Artefacts found include an inscribed jade tablet recording the fengshan 封禅 ceremony at Taishan 泰山 in the period of Wang Mang 王莽. It was possible to prepare a floating dendrochronology of 89 years.

Kaogu. 1999.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong er-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫二号建筑遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1999.1: 1–10 + pls 1–6.
Brief English abstract, p. 1.

Excavation of building site no. 2 of the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2000.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong er-hao jianzhu yizhi B qu fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫二号建筑遗址B区发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2000.1: 1–11 + pls 1–5.
Brief English abstract, p. 1.

Excavation of area B at the site of building no. 2 at the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2001.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong san-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫三号建筑遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2001.1: 74–83 + pls 9–12.
Brief English abstract, p. 74.

Excavation of building site no. 3 of the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 2002.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong si-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫四号建筑遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.1: 3–15 + pls 1–5.
Brief English abstract, p. 3.

Excavation of building site no. 4 in the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an

The building complex measures ca. 50 × 100 m. It appears to have been the home of the Empress and maids of honour.

Yuan Lin 袁林, and He Guanghan 和广汉. 2002.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong si-hao yizhi chutu qianbi jieshao’ 汉长安城桂宫四号遗址出土钱币介绍. Xi’an jinrong 西安金融 (Xi’an finance) 2002.3: 59.

Coins unearthed at site no. 4 of Guigong Palace at Han Chang’an

Weiyang gong 未央宮

Hu Pingsheng 胡平生. 2005.: ‘Weiyang gong qiandian yizhi chutu Wang Mang jiandu jiaoshi’ 未央宫前殿遗址出土王莽简牍校释. Chutu wenxian yanjiu 出土文献研究 (Studies of excavated texts) 6: 217–228.

Not seen. Source Nylan & Loewe 2010: 550.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1997.: ‘Du “Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong”’ 读«汉长安城未央宫». Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1997.8: 766–768.

On reading The Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an

Review of excavation report published in 1996.

Kaogu. 1989.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di san hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城未央宫第三号建筑遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.1: 33–43, 19 + pls 4–7.

Excavation of building site no. 3 of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an

Includes the first report of the curious bone tags.

Kaogu. 1992.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di-er-hao yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城未央宫第二号遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1992.8: 724–732 + pls 6–7.

Excavation of site no. 2 of the Weiyag Palace of Han Chang’an

Kaogu. 1993.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di-si-hao jianzhu yizhi’ 汉长安城未央宫第四号建筑遗址. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1993.11: 1002–1011 + pls 1–3.

Excavation of building site no. 4 of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1993.: ‘Lüelun Weiyang gong san-hao jianzhu yu Had-dai gu qian’ 略论未央宫三号建筑与汉代骨签. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1993.2: 3–8 + pl. 1–3.

Building site no. 3 of the Weiyang Palace and the Han dynasty bone slips

Brief description of the building site. Several ten-thousands of small inscribed bone slips were found here; a few examples of the inscriptions are discussed.

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1995.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyanggong de kaogu fajue yu yanjiu’ 汉长安城未央宫的考古发掘与研究. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1995.3: 82–93 + pl. 1–2.

Excavation and studies of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an

Detailed review of the excavations. Comparison with historical sources.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, and Ohara Toshiki 小原俊樹. 2004.: Han Chang’an cheng gu qian shufa 漢長安城骨簽書法. Muer She 木耳社. 419 pp.

The calligraphy of the bone tags from Han Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Google Books.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1995.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong buju xingzhi chulun’ 汉长安城未央宫布局形制初论. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1995.12: 1115–1124.

The arrangement and design of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an

General discussion of the archaeology of the palace in the light of classical written sources.

Sahara Yasuo 佐原康夫. 1991.: ‘Kan Ch&omacr;anj&omacr; Mi&omacr;ky&umacr; sang&omacr; kenchiku ishi ni tsuite’ 漢長安城未央宮三號建築遺址について. Shirin 史林 74.1: 102–117.

Building site no. 3 of Weiyang gong in Han Chang’an

Not seen. Source Nylan & Loewe 2010: 572.

Shang Minjie 尚民杰. 2003.: ‘Xi Han yihou de Weiyang Gong’ 西汉以后的未央宫. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2003.2: 56–59, 69.

The Weiyang Palace after the Western Han dynasty

Reviews classical written sources on the Weiyang Palace from Eastern Han through Tang.

Tan Qianxue 谭前学. 2010.: ‘Xi Han “Weiyang gong” gongming hanyi xiaokao’ 西汉“未央宫”宫名含义小考. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2010.1: 31–33.

The meaning of the name of the Western Han Weiyang Palace

Reviews textual sources and concludes that weiyang means ‘peace’ or ‘long life’.

Weiyang gong. 1996.: Han Chang'an cheng Weiyang gong: 1980-1989 nian kaogu fajue baogao 汉长安城未央宫　1980–1989年考古发掘报告. 2 vols. (Zhongguo tian ye kao gu bao gao ji. Kao gu xue zhuan kan. Ding zhong di 50 hao 中国田野考古报告集考古学专刊丁种第50号). Beijing: Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu Chubanshe 中国大百科全书出版社.

The Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an: Excavations 1980–1989

Not seen. Review, Huang Zhanyue (1997).

Wu Rongzeng 吴荣曾. 2000.: ‘Xi Han gujian zhong suojian de gongguan’ 西汉骨签中所见的工官. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2000.9: 840–848.
Brief English abstract, p. 840.

Offices of Works named on Western Han bone slips.

A study of 434 of the bone tags found at the Weiyang Palace site. The inscriptions are similar to those found on many Office of Works products, including weapons and luxury products.

Xing Yitian 邢義田. 2000.: ‘Han Weiyang gong qiandian chutu mujian de xingzhi’ 漢未央宮前殿遺址出土木簡的性質. Dalu zazhi 大陸雜誌 (‘The Continent magazine’) 100.6: 1–4.

Wooden texts unearthed in the front building of the Weiyang Palace

Not seen. Source Nylan & Loewe 2010: 549.

Xing Yitian 邢義田. 2000.: ‘Han Weiyang gong qiandian chutu mujian de xingzhi’ 漢未央宮前殿遺址出土木簡的性質. Dalu zazhi 大陸雜誌 (‘The Continent magazine’) 100.6: 241–244.

Wooden texts unearthed in the front building of the Weiyang Palace

Not seen. Source Nylan & Loewe 2010: 549.

Parks

Kaogu. 2007.: ‘Xi’an shi Shanglinyuan yizhi liu-hao jianzhu de kantan he shijue’ 西安市上林苑遗址六号建筑的勘探和试掘. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2007.11: 1054–1056.

Survey and test excavation of building no. 6 at the site of the Park of the Supreme Forest

The building is believed to be a terraced palace built in the Warring States period and in use until the Western Han period.

Ma Zhenglin 马正林. 1995.: ‘Lun Han Chang’an yuanlin’ 论汉长安园林. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 24.4: 114–118.

The parks of Han Chang’an

Wu Zhenfeng 吴镇烽. 1999.: ‘Zai lun Shanglin Sanguan zhuqian yizhi’ 再论上林三官铸钱遗址. Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1999.1: 12–15, 57.

Once more on the Shanglin Sanguan coin-foundry site

The Shanglin Sanguan coins are mentioned in Han shu. Article reviews various theories on these and on the place where they were cast.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 1991.: ‘Xi Han Shanglinyuan gongdian taiguan kao’ 西汉上林苑宫殿台观考. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1991.4: 34–41.

The palaces and temples of the Park of the Supreme Forest

A survey based largely on classical written sources, but with some reference to archaeology. 52 buildings are briefly described.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 1994.: ‘Xi Han Shanglinyuan de jige wenti’ 西汉上林苑的几个问题. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1994.4: 17–23.

Some questions concerning the Western Han Park of the Supreme Forest

Detailed description of the park and its facilities based entirely on classical written sources.

Production sites

Armoury

Kaogu. 1978.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng wuku yizhi fajue de chubu shouhuo’ 汉长安城武库遗址发掘的初步收获. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1978.4: 261–269 + pls 9–11.

Preliminary results of excavations at the armoury site of Han Chang’an

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng wuku yizhi de fajue’ 汉长安城武库遗址的发掘. Renwen zazhi 人文杂志 (Humanities journal) 1981.5: 127–129.

Excavation of an armoury site of Han Chang’an

Liu Yunhui 刘云辉. 2007.: ‘Wuku yizhi chutu de yudiao guaishou wei xiezhi kao’ 武库遗址出土的玉雕怪兽为獬豸考. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.1: 12–13.

The strange animal on a jade carving found at the armoury site is a xiezhi

The artefact is a pendant belt ornament. Xiezhi is the name of a fabulous animal known from early ghost stories.

Wuku. 2005.: Han Chang’an cheng wuku 汉长安城武库. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社.
184 pp. + 83 pls. English abstract, pp. 181–184.

‘Armoury in Chang’an city of the Han period’

Detailed excavation report. The armoury site measures 710 × 322 m and includes seven buildings. Among artefacts found were numerous iron and bronze weapons, armour scales, and inscribed bone slips.

Foundries

Cai Yonghua 蔡永华. 1978.: ‘Jiefang hou Xi’an fujin faxian de Xi Han, Xin-Mang qian fan’ 解放后西安附近发现的西汉、新莽钱范. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1978.2: 122–127.

Coin moulds of the Western Han and Xin periods found in the vicinity of Xi’an since Liberation

Chen Zhi 陈直. 1955.: ‘Shiquge Wang Mang qian de beimian fan’ 石渠阁王莽钱的背面范. Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1955.2: 46–49.

A coin mould of Wang Mang from Shiquge

Dang Shunmin 党顺民, and Wu Zhenfeng 吴镇烽. 1997.: ‘Shanglin Sanguan zhuqian guanshu xinjie’ 上林三官铸钱官署新解. Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1997.4: 41–42, 32.
Correction of typographical error, Wu Zhenfeng 1999: 15, fn. 1.

New explanation of the offices responsible for the casting of Shanglin Sanguan coins

Ji Yinhuai 姬荫槐. 1994.: ‘Huxian Zhaoluncun Han Mang zhuqian yizhi diaocha’ 户县兆伦村汉莽铸钱遗址调查. Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1994.2: 49–54 + pl. 2.

Investigation of a coin foundry of the Han and Wang Mang periods at Zhaoluncun in Huxian County, Shaanxi

Jiang Baolian 姜宝莲, and Qin Jianming 秦建明. 2004.: Han Zhongguan zhuqian yizhi 汉锺官铸钱遗址. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 320 pp.
English abstract.

A coin foundry site of the Han mint

Not seen. Brief notice, Kaogu 2004.11: 1022.

Jiang Baolian 姜宝莲. 1997.: ‘Shǎnxi Huxian faxian daxing Xi Han zhuqian yizhi’ 陕西户县发现大型西汉铸钱遗址. Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1997.4: 77.
Reproduced from Zhongguo wenwu bao 中国文物报, 1997.6.1.

A large-scale coin foundry site discovered in Huxian County, Shaanxi

Kaogu. 1963.: ‘Xi’an Sanqiaozhen Gaoyaocun chutu de Xi Han tongqi qun’ 西安三桥镇高窑村出土的西汉铜器群. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1963.2: 62–70 + pls 3–4.

A hoard of Western Han bronze artefacts unearthed at Gaoyaocun in Sanqiaozhen, Xi’an

Many of the artefacts have inscriptions which indicate that they were cast at official foundries.

Kaogu. 1995.: ‘1992 nian Han Chang’an cheng yezhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 1992年汉长安城冶铸遗址发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1995.9: 792–798, 807 + pls 6–8.

Excavation in 1992 of a foundry site at Han Chang’an

Features include several mould-kilns, the base of one cupola furnace, and waste-pits containing slag and fragments of moulds and tuyères. Note corrections by Li Jinghua (1997).

Li Jinghua 李京华. 1997.: ‘Dui Han Chang’an cheng yezhuyizhi de jianbao tan jidian yijian’ 对汉长安城冶铸遗址的简报谈几点意见. Hua-Xia kaogu 华夏考古 (‘Hua-Xia archaeology’) 1997.4: 86–88.

Some suggestions concerning the preliminary report on a foundry site at Han Chang’an

Points out metallurgical and historical misunderstandings and unclear points in the preliminary report, Kaogu, 1995.9: 792–798.

Wenwu cankao ziliao. 1956.: ‘Xi’an Han cheng yizhi fujin faxian Han-dai tong ding shi kuai’ 西安汉城遗址附近发现汉代铜锭十块. Wenwu cankao ziliao 文物参考资料 (Cultural relics reference materials) 1956.3: •••.

Ten Han-period copper ingots discovered near the Han city in Xi’an

Not seen. Cited, Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he yanjiu 2007: 389, fn. 6.

Wenwu. 1972.: ‘Chang’an Wotouzhai Han-dai qianfan yizhi diaocha’ 长安窝头寨汉代钱范遗址调查. Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1972.5: 31–32, 55.

A Han-period coin-mould site at Wotouzhai in Chang’an

Wu Zhenfeng 吴镇烽. 1999.: ‘Zai lun Shanglin Sanguan zhuqian yizhi’ 再论上林三官铸钱遗址. Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1999.1: 12–15, 57.

Once more on the Shanglin Sanguan coin-foundry site

The Shanglin Sanguan coins are mentioned in Han shu. Article reviews various theories on these and on the place where they were cast.

Zhao Xiaoming 赵晓明. 2005.: ‘Xi Han Xuan-di Benshi wu nian qianfan de faxian ji qi renshi’ 西汉宣帝本始五年钱范的发现及其认识. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.6: 48–52.

The discovery and recognition of coin-moulds dated to the 5th year of Emperor Xuan-di’s Benshi reign period [69 BCE?]

Article is primarily concerned with the fact that most sources indicate that the last year of Benshi was the 4th.

Granaries

Jingshi cang. 1990.: Xi Han jingshi cang 西汉京师仓. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社.
82 pp. + 48 pls. English abstract, pp. 80–82.

The capital granary of Western Han

Detailed excavation report. The site is 130 km east of Xi’an, in Huayin County 华阴县, Shaanxi. It is a walled area, 1120 × 700 m, within which numerous buildings were found, including living quarters, a guard station, and 6 granaries. Artefacts found include building materials and arrowheads.

Kilns

Chen Anli 陈安利, and Ma Yongzhong 马咏钟. 1989.: ‘Han’an cheng yizhi chutu daxing tao yong’ 汉长安城遗址出土大型陶俑. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1989.1: 33–36.

Large ceramic figures unearthed at the site of Han Chang”an

The figures are generally 75–85 cm tall. They were found about 2 km outside the Han city wall. The place is believed to have been a Han ceramic workshop.

Cheng Xuehua 程学华. 1959.: ‘Xi’an beijiao Xin Mang qian fan yaozhi qingli jianbao’ 西安北郊新莽钱范窑址清理简报 Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1959.11.

A kiln for coin-moulds of the Wang Mang period in the northern suburb of Xi’an

Not seen. Cited, Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he yanjiu 2007: 389, fn. 3.

Kaogu xuebao. 1994.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yao zhi fajue baogao’ 汉长安城窑址发掘报告. Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 1994.1: 99–129 + pl. 9–16.
English abstract, p. 129.

Excavations of kiln sites at the Han Chang’an city-site

Excavation report on 21 kilns at the northwest corner of the city-site. These seem all to have been engaged in producing terracotta funeral figures of human beings, height 50–60 cm, formed in moulds.

Kaogu. 1996.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng Beigong de kantan ji qi nanmian zhuanwa yao de fajue’ 汉长安城北宫的勘探及其南面砖瓦窑的发掘. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 887–896 + pls 1–3.

Survey of the site of the Northern Palace of Han Chang’an and excavation of brick kilns on its south side

Kaogu. 2002.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng xin faxian liu zuo yaozhi’ 汉长安城新发现六座窑址. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.11: 1052–1054.

Six kilns recently discovered in Han Chang’an

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1995.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng hongfan yao he zhubi yizhi’ 汉长安城洪范窑和铸币遗址. In Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 1993 中国考古学年鉴1993. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 245–246.

A mould-kiln and coin-foundry site at Han Chang’an

Wenwu. 1972.: ‘Chang’an Wotouzhai Han-dai qianfan yizhi diaocha’ 长安窝头寨汉代钱范遗址调查. Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1972.5: 31–32, 55.

A Han-period coin-mould site at Wotouzhai in Chang’an

Toilets

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2007.: ‘Xi’an nanjiao Miaojiazhai Han dai cesuo yizhi fajue jianbao’ 西安南郊缪家寨汉代厕所遗址发掘简报. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.2: 15–20.

Excavation ofa Han-period toilet at Miaojiazhai in the southern suburbs of Xi’an

The toilet is believed to be associated with the Duling 杜陵 Imperial tomb.

Ritual sites

Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. 1931.: ‘Wu De zhongshi shuo xia de zhengzhi lishi’ 五德終始說下的政治歷史. In Gu shi bian 古史辨 (Debates on ancient history), edited by Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. Repr. Hong Kong: Taiping Shuju 太平書局., pp. 404–617.

Political history considering the theory of the Five Virtues

Includes discussion of Wang Mang’s nine ancestral shrines.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1960.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu de weizhi ji qi youguan wenti’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑的位置及其有关问题. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1960.9: 53–58.

The placement of the ritual buildings in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an and related questions

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1989.: ‘Guanyu Wang Mang jiu miao de wenti’ 关于王莽九庙的问题　–　汉长安城南郊一组建筑遗址的定名. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.3: 261–268.

The Nine Temples of Wang Mang: Identification of a set of features in the southern suburbs of Han Chang’an

Jiao Nanfeng 焦h南峰, and Ma Yongying 马永赢. 1999.: ‘Xi Han zongmiao chuyi’ 西汉宗庙刍议. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1999.6: 50–57.

Ancestral temples of the Western Han

General discussion based on classical written sources alone.

Jiao Nanfeng 焦h南峰, and Ma Yongying 马永赢. 2000.: ‘Xi Han zongmiao zaiyi’ 西汉宗庙再议. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2000.5: 50–55.

Further thoughts on the ancestral temples of Western Han

Kaogu. 1960.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu yizhi qun fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑遗址群发掘简报. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1960.7: 36–39 + pl. 4.

Excavation of a group of ritual building sites in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an

Liu Rui 刘瑞. 2007.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao Xi Han sheji jianzhu chutan’ 汉长安城南郊西汉社稷建筑初探. Xianyang Shifan Xueyuan xuebao 咸阳师范学院学报 (‘Journal of Xianyang Normal University’) 22.1: 1–8.
Brief English abstract, p. 8.

The temple buildings for the gods of the soil and grain in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an

Correction to the identification of feature F13.

Lizhi jianzhu. 2003.: Xi Han lizhi jianzhu yizhi 西汉礼制建筑遗址. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 24 + 246 pp. + numerous pls.
English summary, pp. 243–246.

Ritual building site of the Western Han period

Fourteen building sites excavated in the western suburb of Han Chang’an. Detailed excavation report with some discussion of classical written sources on the same buildings.

Loewe, Michael. 1994.: ‘Wang Mang and His Forbears: The Making of the Myth’. T’oung Pao 80.4/5: 197-222.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4528636

Includes discussion of Wang Mang’s nine ancestral shrines.

Wang Shiren 王世仁. 1963.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu (Datumencun yizhi) yuanzhuang de tuice’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑(大土门村遣址)原状的推刚. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1963.9: 501–515 + fold-outs.

Reconstruction of a ritual structure in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an [the Datumencun site]

Conservation

Chen Wenliang 陈稳亮, Wu Xiangshan 吴向山, Luo Wei 骆威, Yang Xinjun 杨新军, and Zhao Rong 赵荣. 2007.: ‘Chengjiao daxing lishi yizhi tudi liyong fengxiang fenxi – yi Han Chang’an cheng wei li’ 城郊大型历史遗址区土地利用风险分析—以汉长安城为例. Ziliao kexue 资源科学 (‘Resources science’) 29.3: 198–205.
English abstract, p. 205.

‘Risk Analysis of Land Use in Large Scale Historic Relic Sites in the Suburb: A Case Study in Chang’an City of Han Dynasty’

Chen Wenliang 陈稳亮, Yang Xinjun 杨新军, and Zhao Rong 赵荣. 2007.: ‘Yizhi jumin shenghuo zhiliang yu baohu taidu yanjiu: Yi Han Chang’an yizhi baohuqu wei li’ 遗址区居民生活质量与保护态度研究—以汉长安城遗址保护区为例. Xiandai chengshi yanjiu 现代城市研究 (Modern city-planning research) 2007.1: 18–24.

‘A Study of Residents’ Living Quality and Protective Attitudes on the Large Sites: A Case Study of Chang’an City of Han Dynasty’

Chengshi guihua tongxun. 2010.: ‘Xi’an guihua baohu Han Chang’an yizhi 75 pingfan gongli nei yankong jianzhu’ 西安规划保护汉长安遗址75 平方公里内严控建筑. Chengshi guihua tongxun 城市规划通讯 (City planning news) 2010.15: 6–7.

Xi’an plans to preserve the Han Chang’an city site by strictly controlling construction in an area of 75 sq. km

Brief note on the plan, which includes 55 sq. km of the city site itself plus two building complexes outside the walls.

Li Qin 李勤. 2010.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi butong baohu moshi tantao’ 汉长安城遗址不同保护模式探讨. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2010.5: 79–81.

Different models for the preservation of the Han Chang’an city-site

Liu Kewei 刘科伟, and Niu Dong 牛栋. 1999.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi baohu yu kaifa liyong de xianzhuang, wenti ji duice tantao’ 汉长安城遗址保护与开发利用的现状、问题及对策探讨. Jingji dili 经济地理 (‘Economic geography’) 19.5: 110–112, 117.

Preservation and development of the Han Chang’an city-site: Present, problems, and strategy

Quan Dongji 权东计, and Zhu Haixia 朱海霞. 2003.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng baohu yu liyong fazhan zhanlüe yanjiu’ 汉长安城保护与利用发展战略研究. Jingji dili 经济地理 (‘Economic geography’) 23.3: 409–413.

Strategy for the protection and utilization of Han Chang’an

Shan Jixiang 单霁翔. 2009.: ‘Lun Zhongguo daxing gudai chengshi yizhi de zhengti baohu’ 论中国大型古代城市遗址的整体保护. Dongnan wenhua 东南文化 (‘Southeast culture’) 2009.2: 7–15.
Brief English abstract, p. 15.

‘On the overall conservation of Chinese large-scale city-sites’

Does not specifically discuss Han Chang’an, but relevant to discussions of its preservation.

Wenbo. 2005.: ‘Han Changlegong si-hao gongdian yizhi baohu gongcheng’ 汉长乐宫4号宫殿遗址保护工程. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.4: 44–45.

Project for the preservation of the site of Building no. 4 of the Han Changle Palace

Includes some information and colour photographs on the site and its excavation.

Yu Jie 余洁, and Tang Long 唐龙. 2008.: ‘Cheng jiaoqu da yizhi baohu yongdi liuzhuan de zhidu fenxi – yi Han Chang’an cheng yizhi qu wei li’ 城郊区大遗址保护用地流转的制度分析 – 以西安市汉长安城遗址区为例. Chengshi fazhan yanjiu 城市发展研究 (‘Urban Studies’) 15.5: 128–134.

‘The institutional analysis of the heritage protection land transference in large archaeological sites in a city suburban conglomerate: The case of the Han dynasty Chang’an City heritage site in Xi’an’

English abstract, p. 134: ‘With the restriction of the land use for the protection of the resources, the economy in large archaeological site is backward mainly on the agriculture. The boundary line of the administrative division in the archaeological site is regarded as a big pool resulted in the dissimilation of the economy between the inner and the outer in the archaeological site and takes shape of the village in the urban. In the process of the urbanization in Xi. an, the demands of the constructive land located the urban–rural interlocking belt are increasing. The article analyzes the institutional factor of the disequilibrium development including the land institution, governmental regulation and the system of the management. The institutional innovation in the archaeological site is put forward.’ (Abstract in article).

Yu Jie 余洁, Tang Long 唐龙, and Pan Qiuling 潘秋玲. 2009.: ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi qu fazhan fanglüe’ 汉长安城遗址区发展方略. Chengshi wenti 城市问题 (‘Urban problems’) 2009.3.

Development plan for the Han Chang’an city-site

English abstract, p. 45: ‘During the rapid urbanization in Xi’an, the disequilibrium structure of the heritage site of Han Dynasty Chang’an city is very obvious due to the administrative division and the long-term institution. The solution is put forward in many aspects including compensation institution, fiscal and taxation policies, employment policy, cultural industry chain, organization of management, etc.’

Zhang Hong 张宏. 2009.: ‘Da yizhi baohu zhong juluo banqian yanjiu – yi Han Chang’an cheng wei li’ 大遗址保护中聚落搬迁研究 – 以汉长安城为例. Shangrao Shifan Daxue xuebao 上饶师范学院学报 (‘Journal of Shangrao Normal University’) 29.1: 58–64.
Brief English abstract, p. 64.

‘A Study of Village Movement in Preservation of Large Historic Cities – On the Case of Han Chang’an City’

Zhang Zuqun 张祖群. 2006.: ‘Da yizhi de wenhua jiazhi, jingji jazhi fenyi tantao – Han Chang’an cheng anli’ 大遗址的文化价值、经济价值分异探讨—汉长安城案例. Beijing Ligong Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 北京理工大学学报( 社会科学版) (‘Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, Social sciences edition’) 8.1: 22–25.
Brief English abstract, p. 25.

The cultural and economic value of large sites – the example of Han Chang’an

Possibly useful

Berger, Patricia, and Jennifer Randolph Casler. 1994.: Tomb treasures from China: The buried art of ancient Xi’an. Fort Worth, Texas: Kimbel Art Museum.

Exhibition catalogue with excellent colour photographs.

Ch&omacr;an to Rakuy&omacr;. 1951.: Ch&omacr;an to Rakuy&omacr; 長安と洛陽. Ky&omacr;to: Ky&omacr;to Daigaku Jinbun Kagaku Kenky&umacr;jo Koten no K&omacr; Ch&umacr; to Sakuin Hensan Han 京都大学人文科学研究所古典の校注と索引編纂班. 208 + 19 pp.

Chang’an and Luoyang

Not seen. Source: Waseda University Library on-line catalogue.

Hu Songmei 胡松梅, Liu Zhendong 刘振东, and Zhang Jianfeng 张建锋. 2006.: ‘Xi’an Han Chang’an cheng chengqiang xi’nan jiao yizhi chutu dongwu guge yanjiu baogao’ 西安汉长安城城墙西南角遗址出土动物骨骼研究报告. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2006.5: 58–60.

Studies of animal bones excavated at the southwest corner of the wall of the Han city of Chang’an

Considerable zoological detail. Surprisingly few pig bones and many bones of oxen and horses

Kaogu. 2001.: ‘Xin shiji yishi Kaogu Yanjiusuo zhuanjia jiangzuo jiyao’ 新世纪伊始考古研究所专家讲座纪要. Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2001.3: 277–284.

Lectures by specialists of the Institute of Archaeology at the start of a new century

Summary of a lecture by Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, ‘Some problems in the archaeology of city sites and and ancient civilization’, pp. 282–283.

Koga Noboru 古賀登. 1972.: ‘The construction of Ch'ang-an ch'eng of the Han’ [in Japanese]. T&omacr;y&omacr;shi kenky&umacr; 東洋史研究 (Research in Eastern history) 31.2: •••.

Not seen. Source: Hotaling 1978: 46.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 2000.: Gudai ducheng yu diling kaoguxue yanjiu 古代都城与帝陵考古学研究. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社.

Archaeological studies of capitals and Imperial mausolea

Not seen. Review by Jiang Bo (2002).

Liu Yunyong 刘运勇. 1982.: Xi Han Chang’an 西汉长安. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中華書局. 144 pp.

Western Han Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Kaogu 1989.4: 356 & Google Books.

Nakamura Keiji 中村圭爾, and Xin Deyong 辛德勇, eds. 2004.: Zhong Ri gudai chengshi yanjiu. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe 中国社会科学出版社. ••• pp.

Chinese and Japanese research on ancient cities

Not seen. Source Nylan & Loewe 2010: 567.

Sat&omacr; Taketoshi 佐藤武敏. 1971.: Ch&omacr;an 長安. T&omacr;ky&omacr;: Kond&omacr; Shuppansha 近藤出版社. 283 + 7 pp.

Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Waseda University Library on-line catalogue.

Sat&omacr; Taketoshi 佐藤武敏. 2004.: Ch&omacr;an 長安. T&omacr;ky&omacr;: K&omacr;dansha 講談社. 329 pp.

Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Waseda University Library on-line catalogue.

Seo Tatsuhiko 妹尾達彦. 2001.: Ch&omacr;an no toshi keikaku 長安の都市計画. (K&omacr;dansha sensho mechie 講談社選書メチエ, 223). T&omacr;ky&omacr;: K&omacr;dansha 講談社. 251 pp.

City planning in Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Waseda University Library on-line catalogue.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1986.: ‘Zhongguo gu du xue chuyi’ 中国古都学刍议. Zhejiang xuekan 浙江学刊 (Zhejiang journal) 1986.Z1: 189–203.

A humble opinion on the study of China’s ancient capitals

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1990–1991.: ‘Zhongguo gudu gaishuo 1–6’ 中国古都概说. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’): 19.1: 3–18, 19.2: 81–94, 19.3: 66–75, 19.4: 39–51, 20.1: 99–111, 20.2: 66–73.

Review of China’s ancient capitals

All of the Chinese capitals, whether of major or minor dynasties or of short-lived rebel regimes. Entirely based on classical written sources. Contains much of theoretical interest, but very little specifically on Han Chang’an, e.g. 20.1: 16.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1992.: ‘Lun Xi’an zhouwei zhu he liuliang de bianhua’ 论西安周围诸河流量的变化. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 21.3.

Changes in the rate of flow of rivers in the vicinity of Xi’an

Review of classical written sources from the eariest times, concluding with proposals for amelioration of modern Xi’an’s water supply problems and a response from Shaanxi Provincial Forestry Office.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1993.: ‘Zhongguo gu du he wenhua’ 中国古都和文化. Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1993.4: 1–39.

China’s ancient capitals and culture

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1994.: ‘Zhongguo gu du de bianqian yu wenhua rongtong’ 中国古都的变迁与文化融通. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 23.4: 13–22.

Changes in China’s ancient capitals and the contemporary circulation of culture

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1995.: ‘Gudai yinyue xiqu zashua yu gu du wenhua’ 古代音乐戏曲杂耍与古都文化. Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 24.2: 60–67.

Ancient music, opera, and drama and the culture of the capital

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1995.: ‘Xi’an diqu dixing de lishi yanbian’ 西安地区地形的历史演变. Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1995.4: 33–54.

Historical changes in the topography of the Xi’an region

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1996.: Xi’an lishi dituji 西安历史地图集. Xi’an. 179 pp.

Historical atlas of Xi’an

Not seen.

Wang Hanzhang 王翰章. 2005.: ‘Xi’an – Zhongguo shisi chao gudu. – Jianlun Wu Zhou jiandu Chang’an wenti’ 西安–中国十四朝古都　–　兼论武周建都长安问题. Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.2: 70–74.

Xi’an, ancient capital of 14 Chinese dynasties. With a note on the question of Empress Wu’s 武后 capital at Chang’an [690–705]

Primarily concerns the Tang capital Chang’an.

Wang Mingde 王明德. 2007.: ‘Lun Zhongguo ducheng de dong jian’ 论中国都城的东渐. Yindu xuekan 殷都学刊 (‘Yindu journal’) 2007.3: 23–31.
Brief English abstract, p. 31.

The gradual eastward movement of China’s capitals

Includes some discussion of Han Chang’an.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 2009.: Han Chang’an cheng 汉长安城. Xi’an: Xi’an Chubanshe 西安出版社. 230 pp.

The Han city of Chang’an

Not seen. Source: Google Books.

Wang Zijin 王子今. 1997.: ‘Xi Han Chang’an de “Hu wu”’ 西汉长安的“ 胡巫”. Minzu yanjiu 民族研究 (‘Ethno-national studies’) 1997.5: 64–70.

The ‘Barbarian shamans’ of Han Chang’an

Wright, Arthur F. 1965.: ‘Symbolism and Function: Reflections on Changan and Other Great Cities’. Journal of Asian Studies 24.4: 667-679.

Primarily concerned with the Tang capital Chang’an, but with some remarks on the Han city, pp. 668–669, 676–677.

Wu Bolun 武伯纶. 1979.: Xi’an lishi shulüe 西安历史述略. Xi’an: Shǎnxi Renmin Chubanshe 陕西人民出版社.

A brief history of Xi’an

Not seen.

Xi’an. 1959.: Xi’an lishi shilüe 西安历史事略. Xi’an. 137 pp.

A short history of Xi’an

Not seen. Source: bookseller’s catalogue.

Yang Kuan 杨宽. 2003.: Zhongguo gudai ducheng zhidu shi yanjiu 中国古代都城制度史研究. Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe 上海人民出版社.

Historical studies of the capital system of ancient China

Not seen. Cited by Lai Qiong (2006).

Zhou Changshan 周长山. 2001.: Han-dai chengshi yanjiu 汉代城市研究. Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe 人民出版社. ••• pp.

Research on Han cities

Not seen. Source Nylan & Loewe 2010: 589.

Zhou Weizhou 周伟洲. 2003.: ‘Xi Han Chang’an yu Nanhai zhuguo de jiaotong ji wanglai’ 西汉长安与南海诸国的交通及往来. Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 18.4: 38–44, 158–159.

The intercourse between Chang’an and the Nanhai states in the Western Han dynasty

English abstract, p. 159: ‘In this article, the author discusses the traffic and intercourse between West Han Dynasty and Nanhai States (i. e Southeast Asia regions), which includes two parts. Firstly, the author studies two main traffic roads f rom Chang’an to Nanhai States, I. e "the Shendu (India) Road", the road from Shu ( Sichuan, China) to Burma; "the Nanhai Road", the road from South Yue State (Guangdong, China ) to Southeast Asia on the sea, as well as their development and detail routes. Secondly, the author studies that West Han Dynasty sent translator officers to Nanhai States, the Nanhai States "pay tributes" to West Han Dynasty, as well as the Nanhai treasures discovered in Chang’an. This article reveals the early intercourse history between China and Southeast Asia regions.’

Complete alphabetical listing

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 1933. Ch&omacr;an shiseki no kenky&umacr; 長安史蹟の研究 (Remains of Chang’an). 2 vols. (T&omacr;y&omacr; Bunko rons&omacr; 東洋文庫論叢, 020 T&omacr;ky&omacr;: T&omacr;y&omacr; Bunko 東洋文庫. 292 pp.

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 2003. Chang’an shiji yanjiu 长安史迹研究 (Remains of Chang’an). Translated by Wang Shuanghuai 王双怀 and Tan Yicheng 谈懿诚. San Qin Chubanshe 三秦出版社. ••• pp. Original 1933.

Adachi Kiroku 足立喜六. 2006. Zhongguo zaoqi kaogu diaocha baogao [yi], Chang'an shi ji kao 中国早期考古调査报告. [一], 长安史迹考 (Report on early Chinese archaeological investigations. 1: Remains of Chang’an). Translated by Yang Lian 杨鍊. Beijing: Xianzhuang shuju 线装书局. Orig. 1933.

Alexeieff, V. 1909. ‘Archaeological survey of the environs of China’s ancient capitals’. Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 40: 1–9. http://www.scribd.com/full/45423616?access_key=key-2jnkqd4jd200nbevxj6j

Berger, Patricia, and Jennifer Randolph Casler. 1994. Tomb treasures from China: The buried art of ancient Xi’an. Fort Worth, Texas: Kimbel Art Museum.

Bianjiang kaogu. 1994. Han Tang yu bianjiang kaogu yanjiu 汉唐与边疆考古研究 (‘Archaeological researches on the Han–Tang period and border areas of ancient China’). Vol. 1. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社.

Bishop, Carl Whiting. 1938. ‘An Ancient Chinese Capital: Earthworks at Old Ch‘ang-an’. Antiquity 12: 68–78 + pls 1–4. http://antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/012/0068/Ant0120068.pdf

Brennan, T. Corey, and Hsing I-tien [Xing Yitian] 邢義田. 2010. ‘The Eternal City and the City of Eternal Peace’. In China’s early empires: A re-appraisal, edited by Michael Nylan and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–212.

Cai Yonghua 蔡永华. 1978. ‘Jiefang hou Xi’an fujin faxian de Xi Han, Xin-Mang qian fan’ 解放后西安附近发现的西汉、新莽钱范 (Coin moulds of the Western Han and Xin periods found in the vicinity of Xi’an since Liberation). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1978.2: 122–127.

Cai Yonghua 蔡永华. 1988. ‘Shǎnxi liang Han kaogu jicui’ 陕西两汉考古集萃 (Important achievements of Han archaeology in Shaanxi). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1988.5/6: 90–98.

Chang’an cheng. 2006. Han Chang’an cheng yizhi yanjiu 汉长安城遗址研究 (Studies of the site of Han Chang’an). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 670.

Chen Anli 陈安利, and Ma Yongzhong 马咏钟. 1989. ‘Han’an cheng yizhi chutu daxing tao yong’ 汉长安城遗址出土大型陶俑 (Large ceramic figures unearthed at the site of Han Chang”an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1989.1: 33–36.

Chen Bo 陈博, and Sun Lu 孙璐. 2009. ‘“Sanfu” diqu Han-dai chengzhi yi “Huanzhuang zhengqu” guannian’ “三辅”地区汉代城址与“环状政区”观念 (Han city-sites in the capital [Three Adjuncts] region and the concept of ‘rings of the goverrnmental region’). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2009.2: 30–33.

Chen Wenliang 陈稳亮, Wu Xiangshan 吴向山, Luo Wei 骆威, Yang Xinjun 杨新军, and Zhao Rong 赵荣. 2007. ‘Chengjiao daxing lishi yizhi tudi liyong fengxiang fenxi – yi Han Chang’an cheng wei li’ 城郊大型历史遗址区土地利用风险分析—以汉长安城为例 (‘Risk Analysis of Land Use in Large Scale Historic Relic Sites in the Suburb: A Case Study in Chang’an City of Han Dynasty’). Ziliao kexue 资源科学 (‘Resources science’) 29.3: 198–205. English abstract, p. 205.

Chen Wenliang 陈稳亮, Yang Xinjun 杨新军, and Zhao Rong 赵荣. 2007. ‘Yizhi jumin shenghuo zhiliang yu baohu taidu yanjiu: Yi Han Chang’an yizhi baohuqu wei li’ 遗址区居民生活质量与保护态度研究—以汉长安城遗址保护区为例 (‘A Study of Residents’ Living Quality and Protective Attitudes on the Large Sites: A Case Study of Chang’an City of Han Dynasty’). Xiandai chengshi yanjiu 现代城市研究 (Modern city-planning research) 2007.1: 18–24.

Chen Xibo 陈喜波, and Han Guanghui 韩光辉. 2007. ‘Han Chang’an “dou cheng” guihua tanxi’ 汉长安“斗城”规划探析 (The “dipper-shaped wall” of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.1: 69–72.

Chen Zhi 陈直. 1955. ‘Shiquge Wang Mang qian de beimian fan’ 石渠阁王莽钱的背面范 (A coin mould of Wang Mang from Shiquge). Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1955.2: 46–49.

Cheng Te-k’un [Zheng Dekun 鄭德坤]. 1978. ‘Ch’in-Han architectural remains’ 秦漢建築遺存. Journal of the Institute of Chinese studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong / Xianggang Zhongwen Daxue Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiusuo xuebao 香港中文大學中國文化研究所學報 9.2: 503–583. 中文摘要, p. 584.

Cheng Xuehua 程学华. 1959. ‘Xi’an beijiao Xin Mang qian fan yaozhi qingli jianbao’ 西安北郊新莽钱范窑址清理简报 (A kiln for coin-moulds of the Wang Mang period in the northern suburb of Xi’an). Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1959.11.

Chengshi guihua tongxun. 2010. ‘Xi’an guihua baohu Han Chang’an yizhi 75 pingfan gongli nei yankong jianzhu’ 西安规划保护汉长安遗址75 平方公里内严控建筑 (Xi’an plans to preserve the Han Chang’an city site by strictly controlling construction in an area of 75 sq. km). Chengshi guihua tongxun 城市规划通讯 (City planning news) 2010.15: 6–7.

Ch&omacr;an to Rakuy&omacr;. 1951. Ch&omacr;an to Rakuy&omacr; 長安と洛陽 (Chang’an and Luoyang). Ky&omacr;to: Ky&omacr;to Daigaku Jinbun Kagaku Kenky&umacr;jo Koten no K&omacr; Ch&umacr; to Sakuin Hensan Han 京都大学人文科学研究所古典の校注と索引編纂班. 208 + 19 pp.

Dang Shunmin 党顺民, and Wu Zhenfeng 吴镇烽. 1997. ‘Shanglin Sanguan zhuqian guanshu xinjie’ 上林三官铸钱官署新解 (New explanation of the offices responsible for the casting of Shanglin Sanguan coins). Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1997.4: 41–42, 32. Correction of typographical error, Wu Zhenfeng 1999: 15, fn. 1.

Dituji. 1998. Zhongguo wenwu dituji: Shǎnxi fence 中国文物地图集陕西分册 (Atlas of Chinese cultural relics: Shaanxi). 2 vols. Xi’an: Xi’an Ditu Chubanshe 西安地图出版社.

Dong Hongwen 董鸿闻, Liu Qihe 刘起鹤, Zhou Jianxun 周建勋, Zhang Yinghu 张应虎, and Mei Xingquan 梅兴铨. 2000. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi cehui yanjiu huode de xin xinxi’ 汉长安城遗址测绘研究获得的新信息 (New results from a topographical survey of the site of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2000.5: 39–49.

Gao Jing 高静. 2007. ‘Cong «Xi jing fu» kan Xi Han Chang’an cheng de kongjian guannian’ 从《西京赋》看西汉长安城的空间观念 (The concept of space in Han Chang’an in the light of Zhang Heng’s 张衡 ‘Rhapsody on the Western Capital’). Xiaofei daokan 消费导刊 (‘Consume guide’) 2007.12: 225.

Gongzuo. 1979. Wenwu kaogu gongzuo sanshi nian 1949–1979 文物考古工作三十年1949–1979 (Thirty years of Chinese archaeology, 1949–1979). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 413 pp. + 32 pls.

Gongzuo. 1991. Wenwu kaogu gongzuo shi nian 1979–1989 文物考古工作十年1979–1989 (Ten years of Chinese archaeology, 1979–1989). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 388 pp. + 32 pls.

Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. 1931. ‘Wu De zhongshi shuo xia de zhengzhi lishi’ 五德終始說下的政治歷史 (Political history considering the theory of the Five Virtues ). In Gu shi bian 古史辨 (Debates on ancient history), edited by Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. vol. 5, pp. 404–617.

Guigong. 2007. Han Chang’an cheng Guigong: 1996–2001 nian kaogu fajue baogao 汉长安城桂宫 (‘The Guigong Palace in the Han capital city Chang’an’). (Zhongguo tianye kaogu baogaoji: Kaoguxue zhuankan D.74 中国田野考古报告集　考古学专刊丁种第七四号 Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 289 pp. + 155 pls + 48 colour pls. English abstract, pp. 4–10.

Han Chang’an cheng. 2008. Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – Jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui lunwenji 汉长安城与汉文化--纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国际学术研讨会论文集 (Han Chang’an and Han culture: Papers from the International Conference celebrating 50 years of archaeology at Han Chang’an). Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 598.

Han Guohe 韩国河. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng guihua sixiang bianxi’ 汉长安城规划思想辨析 (Analysis of the ideas behind the city plan of Han Chang’an). Zhengzhou Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) 郑州大学学报( 哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Zhengzhou University [Philosophy and social sciences edition]) 34.5: 61–65.

Han Jianwu 韩建武, Zhang Peixin 张沛心, Tan Qianxue 谭前学, and Dong Li 董理. 2005. ‘Yongheng de Luoma, buxiu de Chang’an – Gu Luoma wenming zhan, Han Chang’an wenwu zhanlan xunli’ 永恒的罗马不朽的长安　古罗马文明展、汉长安文物展巡礼 (Eternal Rome, undying Chang’an: a visit to ‘Ancient Roman civilization’ and ‘Relics from Han Chang’an’). Shoucang jia 收藏家 (Collector) 2005.5: 3–10.

Han Jinfang 韩晋芳, and Luo Jianjin 罗见今. 2003. ‘«Xi jing zaji» zhong de Han-dai keji shiliao’ «西京杂记»中的科技史料 (Historical material on Han-period science and technology in Xi jing zaji). Gugong Bowuyuan yuankan 故宫博物院院刊 (‘Palace Museum journal’) 2003.3: 86–91.

He Hannan 何汉南. 1989. ‘Han Chang’an chengmen kao’ 汉长安城门考 (The city gates of Han Chang’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1989.2: 39–46.

He Qinggu 何清谷. 1990. ‘“Sanfu huangtu” de chengshu ji qi banben’ «三辅黄图»的成书及其版本 (The origin of the Sanfu huangtu and its editions). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1990.2: 28–32.

Hotaling, Stephen James. 1978. ‘The City Walls of Han Ch’ang-an’. T’oung Pao 64.1/3: 1–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4528127

Hu Pingsheng 胡平生. 2005. ‘Weiyang gong qiandian yizhi chutu Wang Mang jiandu jiaoshi’ 未央宫前殿遗址出土王莽简牍校释. Chutu wenxian yanjiu 出土文献研究 (Studies of excavated texts) 6: 217–228.

Hu Songmei 胡松梅, Liu Zhendong 刘振东, and Zhang Jianfeng 张建锋. 2006. ‘Xi’an Han Chang’an cheng chengqiang xi’nan jiao yizhi chutu dongwu guge yanjiu baogao’ 西安汉长安城城墙西南角遗址出土动物骨骼研究报告 (Studies of animal bones excavated at the southwest corner of the wall of the Han city of Chang’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2006.5: 58–60.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1960. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu de weizhi ji qi youguan wenti’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑的位置及其有关问题 (The placement of the ritual buildings in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an and related questions). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1960.9: 53–58.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1989. ‘Guanyu Wang Mang jiu miao de wenti’ 关于王莽九庙的问题　–　汉长安城南郊一组建筑遗址的定名 (The Nine Temples of Wang Mang: Identification of a set of features in the southern suburbs of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.3: 261–268.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1997. ‘Du “Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong”’ 读«汉长安城未央宫» (On reading The Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1997.8: 766–768.

Huang Xiaoying 黄小荥. 2000. ‘Gudai Xi’an jiandu yinyou kao’ 古代西安建都因由考 (The reason why so many ancient capitals were at Xi’an, Shaanxi). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2000.5: 32–33, 70.

Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 1984. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de fajue’ 汉长安城的发掘 (Excavation of the Han city Chang’an). In Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he yanjiu 新中国的考古和研究. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 393–397, 495 + pls. 114–116.

Ji Yinhuai 姬荫槐. 1994. ‘Huxian Zhaoluncun Han Mang zhuqian yizhi diaocha’ 户县兆伦村汉莽铸钱遗址调查 (Investigation of a coin foundry of the Han and Wang Mang periods at Zhaoluncun in Huxian County, Shaanxi). Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1994.2: 49–54 + pl. 2.

Jiang Baolian 姜宝莲, and Qin Jianming 秦建明. 2004. Han Zhongguan zhuqian yizhi 汉锺官铸钱遗址 (A coin foundry site of the Han mint). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. 320 pp. English abstract.

Jiang Baolian 姜宝莲. 1997. ‘Shǎnxi Huxian faxian daxing Xi Han zhuqian yizhi’ 陕西户县发现大型西汉铸钱遗址 (A large-scale coin foundry site discovered in Huxian County, Shaanxi). Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1997.4: 77. Reproduced from Zhongguo wenwu bao 中国文物报, 1997.6.1.

Jiang Bo 姜波. 2002. ‘“Gudai ducheng yu diling kaoguxue yanjiu” du hou’ «古代都城与帝陵考古学研究»读后 (Thoughts on reading Archaeological studies of capitals and Imperial mausolea, by Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱.). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.4: 377–383. Brief English abstract, p. 377 – see image.

Jiao Nanfeng 焦h南峰, and Ma Yongying 马永赢. 1999. ‘Xi Han zongmiao chuyi’ 西汉宗庙刍议 (Ancestral temples of the Western Han). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1999.6: 50–57.

Jiao Nanfeng 焦h南峰, and Ma Yongying 马永赢. 2000. ‘Xi Han zongmiao zaiyi’ 西汉宗庙再议 (Further thoughts on the ancestral temples of Western Han). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2000.5: 50–55.

Jingshi cang. 1990. Xi Han jingshi cang 西汉京师仓 (The capital granary of Western Han). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 82 pp. + 48 pls. English abstract, pp. 80–82.

Kaogu xuebao. 1994. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yao zhi fajue baogao’ 汉长安城窑址发掘报告 (Excavations of kiln sites at the Han Chang’an city-site). Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 1994.1: 99–129 + pl. 9–16. English abstract, p. 129.

Kaogu xuebao. 2004. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong er-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue baogao’ 汉长安城长乐宫二号建筑遗址发掘报告 (Excavation of Building site no. 2 of the Changle Palace at Han Chang’an). Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 2004.1: 55–86 + pls 1–16. English abstract, p. 86.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2007. ‘“Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui“ zai Xi’an zhaokai’ 汉长安城与汉文化　–　纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国际学术研讨会 (Han Chang’an and Han culture – International conference celebrating fifty years of excavations of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.1: 94.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2007. ‘Xi’an nanjiao Miaojiazhai Han dai cesuo yizhi fajue jianbao’ 西安南郊缪家寨汉代厕所遗址发掘简报 (Excavation ofa Han-period toilet at Miaojiazhai in the southern suburbs of Xi’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2007.2: 15–20.

Kaogu yu wenwu. 2008. ‘Shǎnxi Qin Han kaogu wushi nian zongshu’ 陕西秦汉考古五十年综述 (Fifty years of Qin–Han archaeology in Shaanxi). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2008.6: 96–160. Brief English abstract, p. 160.

Kaogu. 1960. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu yizhi qun fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑遗址群发掘简报 (Excavation of a group of ritual building sites in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1960.7: 36–39 + pl. 4.

Kaogu. 1963. ‘Xi’an Sanqiaozhen Gaoyaocun chutu de Xi Han tongqi qun’ 西安三桥镇高窑村出土的西汉铜器群 (A hoard of Western Han bronze artefacts unearthed at Gaoyaocun in Sanqiaozhen, Xi’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1963.2: 62–70 + pls 3–4.

Kaogu. 1978. ‘Han Chang’an cheng wuku yizhi fajue de chubu shouhuo’ 汉长安城武库遗址发掘的初步收获 (Preliminary results of excavations at the armoury site of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1978.4: 261–269 + pls 9–11.

Kaogu. 1989. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di san hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城未央宫第三号建筑遗址发掘简报 (Excavation of building site no. 3 of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.1: 33–43, 19 + pls 4–7.

Kaogu. 1992. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di-er-hao yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城未央宫第二号遗址发掘简报 (Excavation of site no. 2 of the Weiyag Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1992.8: 724–732 + pls 6–7.

Kaogu. 1993. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong di-si-hao jianzhu yizhi’ 汉长安城未央宫第四号建筑遗址 (Excavation of building site no. 4 of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1993.11: 1002–1011 + pls 1–3.

Kaogu. 1995. ‘1992 nian Han Chang’an cheng yezhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 1992年汉长安城冶铸遗址发掘简报 (Excavation in 1992 of a foundry site at Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1995.9: 792–798, 807 + pls 6–8.

Kaogu. 1996. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Beigong de kantan ji qi nanmian zhuanwa yao de fajue’ 汉长安城北宫的勘探及其南面砖瓦窑的发掘 (Survey of the site of the Northern Palace of Han Chang’an and excavation of brick kilns on its south side). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 887–896 + pls 1–3.

Kaogu. 1999. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong er-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫二号建筑遗址发掘简报 (Excavation of building site no. 2 of the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1999.1: 1–10 + pls 1–6. Brief English abstract, p. 1.

Kaogu. 2000. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong er-hao jianzhu yizhi B qu fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫二号建筑遗址B区发掘简报 (Excavation of area B at the site of building no. 2 at the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2000.1: 1–11 + pls 1–5. Brief English abstract, p. 1.

Kaogu. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong san-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫三号建筑遗址发掘简报 (Excavation of building site no. 3 of the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2001.1: 74–83 + pls 9–12. Brief English abstract, p. 74.

Kaogu. 2001. ‘Xin shiji yishi Kaogu Yanjiusuo zhuanjia jiangzuo jiyao’ 新世纪伊始考古研究所专家讲座纪要 (Lectures by specialists of the Institute of Archaeology at the start of a new century). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2001.3: 277–284.

Kaogu. 2002. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong si-hao jianzhu yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城桂宫四号建筑遗址发掘简报 (Excavation of building site no. 4 in the Guigong Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.1: 3–15 + pls 1–5. Brief English abstract, p. 3.

Kaogu. 2002. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xin faxian liu zuo yaozhi’ 汉长安城新发现六座窑址 (Six kilns recently discovered in Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2002.11: 1052–1054.

Kaogu. 2003. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong paishui guandao yizhi fajue jianbao’ 汉长安城长乐宫排水管道遗址发掘简报 (Excavation of the drainage pipes of the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2003.9: 801–806 + pl. 5. Brief English abstract, p. 801.

Kaogu. 2005. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Changle gong faxian lingshi yizhi’ 汉长安城长乐宫发现凌室遗址 (The site of an ice-house at the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2005.9: 771–774. Brief English abstract, p. 771.

Kaogu. 2006. ‘Xi’an shi Han Chang’an cheng Changle Gong si-hao jianzhu yizhi’ 西安市汉长安城长乐宫四号建筑遗址 (Building site no. 4 of the Changle Palace of Han Chang’an in Xi’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 894–903 + pls 1–2, 4–5, 8. Brief English abstract, p. 894.

Kaogu. 2006. ‘Xi’an shi Han Chang’an cheng chengqiang xi’nan jiao yizhi de zuantan yu shijue’ 西安市汉长安城城墙西南角遗址的钻探与式掘 (Drill survey and test excavations of the site of the southwest corner of the city wall of Han Chang’an in Xi’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 904–916 + pls 3, 6. Brief English abstract, p. 904.

Kaogu. 2007. ‘“Han Chang’an cheng yu Han wenhua – jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu wushi zhounian guoji xueshu yantaohui“ jiyao’ "汉长安城与汉文化　–　纪念汉长安城考古五十周年国际学术研讨会"纪要 (Report on “Han Chang’an and Han culture – International conference celebrating fifty years of excavations of Han Chang’an”). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2007.6: 570–576. Brief English abstract, p. 570.

Kaogu. 2007. ‘Xi’an shi Shanglinyuan yizhi liu-hao jianzhu de kantan he shijue’ 西安市上林苑遗址六号建筑的勘探和试掘 (Survey and test excavation of building no. 6 at the site of the Park of the Supreme Forest). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2007.11: 1054–1056.

Kaogu. 2009. ‘Xi’an Han Chang’an cheng Zhicheng Men yizhi 2008 nian fajue jianbao’ 西安汉长安城直城门遗址2008年发掘简报 (Excavation in 2008 of the Zhicheng Gate site of Western Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2009.5: 433–444 + pls 11–15. Brief English abstract, p. 433.

Koga Noboru 古賀登. 1972. ‘The construction of Ch'ang-an ch'eng of the Han’ [in Japanese]. T&omacr;y&omacr;shi kenky&umacr; 東洋史研究 (Research in Eastern history) 31.2: •••.

Lai Qiong 赖琼. 2003. ‘Han Chang’an cheng shichang de buju yu guanli’ 汉长安城市场的布局与管理 (The layout and administration of markets in Han Chang’an). Jiangxi shehui kexue 江西社会科学 (‘Jiangxi social sciences’) 2003.4: 99–102.

Lai Qiong 赖琼. 2004. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de shichang buju yu guanli’ 汉长安城的市场布局与管理 (The layout and administration of markets in Han Chang’an). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]) 33.1: 38–42.

Li Chuanyong 李传永. 2003. ‘Woguo zuizao de weixing chengzhen – lun Xi Han Chang’an zhu lingxian’ 我国最早的卫星城市—论西汉长安诸陵县 (The earliest satellite towns in China: The ‘mausoleum prefectures’ of Western Han Chang’an). Sichuan Shifan Xueyuan xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) 四川师范学院学报( 哲学社会科学版) (Journal of Sichuan Teachers College [Philosophy and Social Sciences]) 2003.1.

Li Jinghua 李京华. 1997. ‘Dui Han Chang’an cheng yezhuyizhi de jianbao tan jidian yijian’ 对汉长安城冶铸遗址的简报谈几点意见 (Some suggestions concerning the preliminary report on a foundry site at Han Chang’an). Hua-Xia kaogu 华夏考古 (‘Hua-Xia archaeology’) 1997.4: 86–88.

Li Qin 李勤. 2010. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi butong baohu moshi tantao’ 汉长安城遗址不同保护模式探讨 (Different models for the preservation of the Han Chang’an city-site). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2010.5: 79–81.

Li Rusen 李如森. 1994. ‘Xian Qin gu cheng yanbian yu Han Chang’an cheng moshi queli’ 先秦古城演变与汉长安城模式确立 (The development of cities in pre-Qin times and the establishment of the pattern of Han Chang’an). Beifang wenwu 北方文物 (‘Northern cultural relics’) 1994.1: 10–18.

Li Shuang 李爽. 2002. ‘Gudu jianshe de jicheng he fazhan - Cong Han Chang’an cheng dao Tang Chang’an cheng’ 古都建设的继承和发展—从汉长安城到唐长安城 (Continuity and development in the construction of ancient capitals – from Han Chang’an to Tang Chang’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2002.4: 40–44.

Li Xiaobo 李小波, and Chen Xibo 陈喜波. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng “dou cheng shuo” de zai sikao’ 汉长安城”斗城说“的再思考 (Further thoughts on the “dipper wall theory” of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 63–65.

Li Yuchun 李遇春, and Jiang Kairen 姜开任. 1981. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi’ 汉长安城遗址 (The site of the Han city of Chang’an). Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1981.1: 88–90.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de kaogu faxian he yanjiu’ 汉长安城的考古发现和研究 (Archaeological discoveries and studies at Han Chang’an). Henan Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 河南大学学报(社会科学版) (‘Journal of Henan University [Social science]’) 1981.2: 70–74.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de kaogu faxian he yanjiu’ 汉长安城的考古发现和研究 (Archaeological discoveries and studies at Han Chang’an). Henan Shifan Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 河南示范大学学报(社会科学版) (‘Journal of Henan Normal University [Social science]’) 1981.2: •••.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981. ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu zongshu’ 汉长安城考古综述 (The archaeology of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1981.1: 123–124, 122.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1981. ‘Han Chang’an cheng wuku yizhi de fajue’ 汉长安城武库遗址的发掘 (Excavation of an armoury site of Han Chang’an). Renwen zazhi 人文杂志 (Humanities journal) 1981.5: 127–129.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 1994. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de fajue yu yanjiu’ 汉长安城的发掘与研究 (Excavation and studies of Han Chang’an). In Han Tang yu bianjiang kaogu yanjiu 汉唐与边疆考古研究 (‘Archaeological researches on the Han–Tang period and border areas of ancient China’). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社, vol. 1, pp. 31–47.

Li Yuchun 李遇春. 2005. ‘Han Chang’an cheng chengmen shulun’ 汉长安城城门述论 (The city gates of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2005.6: 54–58.

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1993. ‘Lüelun Weiyang gong san-hao jianzhu yu Had-dai gu qian’ 略论未央宫三号建筑与汉代骨签 (Building site no. 3 of the Weiyang Palace and the Han dynasty bone slips). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1993.2: 3–8 + pl. 1–3.

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1995. ‘Han Chang’an cheng hongfan yao he zhubi yizhi’ 汉长安城洪范窑和铸币遗址 (A mould-kiln and coin-foundry site at Han Chang’an). In Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 1993 中国考古学年鉴1993. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 245–246.

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1995. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyanggong de kaogu fajue yu yanjiu’ 汉长安城未央宫的考古发掘与研究 (Excavation and studies of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1995.3: 82–93 + pl. 1–2.

Li Yufang 李毓芳. 1997. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de buju yu jiegou’ 汉长安城的布局与结构 (The layout and structure of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1997.5: 71–74, 54.

Li Zhihui 李志慧. 2001. ‘Lun Xi Han Chang’an wenhua de duoyuanxing’ 论西汉长安文化的多源性 (The pluralism of the culture of Han Chang’an). Shǎnxi Guangbo Dianshi Daxue xuebao 陕西广播电视大学学报 (‘Journal of Shaanxi Radio and Television University’) 3.1: 15–18.

Liu Huaijun 刘怀君, and Yan Huichan 严惠婵. 2003. ‘Shǎnxi Meixian Qin Han Chengshan Gong yizhi de xin faxian’ 陕西眉县秦汉成山宫遗址的新发现 (The newly discovered site of Chengshan Palace in Meixian County, Shaanxi). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2003.1: 3÷7, 58.

Liu Jianguo 刘建国. 1996. ‘Huanjing yaogan zai chengzhi kaogu zhong de yingyong chutan – Han Chang’an cheng huanjing kaogu de changshi’ 环境遥感在城址考古中的应用初探 – 汉长安城环境考古的尝试 (The use of environmental remote sensing in city-site archaeology: Trial use of environmental remote sensing archaeology at Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.7: 652–655 + pl. 7.

Liu Kewei 刘科伟, and Niu Dong 牛栋. 1999. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi baohu yu kaifa liyong de xianzhuang, wenti ji duice tantao’ 汉长安城遗址保护与开发利用的现状、问题及对策探讨 (Preservation and development of the Han Chang’an city-site: Present, problems, and strategy). Jingji dili 经济地理 (‘Economic geography’) 19.5: 110–112, 117.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, and Li Yufang 李毓芳. 2003. Han Chang’an cheng 汉长安城 (The Han city of Chang’an). (20 shiji Zhongguo wenwu kaogu faxian yu yanjiu congshu 20世纪中国文物考古发现与研究丛书 ). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 230 pp.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, and Li Yufang 李毓芳. 2006. ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu de huigu yu zhanwang – Jinian Han Cheng’an cheng kaogu ban’ge shiji’ 汉长安城考古的回顾与瞻望 – 纪念汉长安城考古半个世纪 (Archaeology of Han Chang’an – Review and a look forward. Commemorating a half century of Han Chang’an archaeology). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 876–885. Brief English abstract, p. 876.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, and Ohara Toshiki 小原俊樹. 2004. Han Chang’an cheng gu qian shufa 漢長安城骨簽書法 (The calligraphy of the bone tags from Han Chang’an). Muer She 木耳社. 419 pp.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1987. ‘Han Chang’an cheng buju jiegou bianxi – yu Yang Kuan xiansheng shangque’ 汉长安城布局结构辨析　–　与杨宽先生商榷 (The arrangement and structure of Han Chang’an: Response to Yang Kuan). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1987.10: 937–944.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1992. ‘Zai lun Han Chang’an cheng buju jiegou ji qi xiangguan wenti: Da Yang Kuan xiansheng’ 再论汉长安城布局结构及其相关问题 – 答杨宽先生 (Again on the arrangement and structure of Han Chang’an and related questions: Reply to Yang Kuan). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1992.7: 632–639.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1995. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Weiyang gong buju xingzhi chulun’ 汉长安城未央宫布局形制初论 (The arrangement and design of the Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1995.12: 1115–1124.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1996. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de kaogu faxian ji xiangguan wenti yanjiu – Jinian Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo sishi nian’ 汉长安城的考古发现及相关问题研究 – 纪念汉长安城考古工作四十年 (Archaeological discoveries at Han Chang’an and related questions: Celebrating 40 years of archaeological work at Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1996.10: 865–878.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 1999. ‘Qin Han kaoguxue wushi nian’ 秦汉考古学五十年 (Fifty years of Qin–Han archaeology). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1999.9: 803–814 + pls 5–6.

Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱. 2000. Gudai ducheng yu diling kaoguxue yanjiu 古代都城与帝陵考古学研究 (Archaeological studies of capitals and Imperial mausolea ). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社.

Liu Rui 刘瑞. 2007. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao Xi Han sheji jianzhu chutan’ 汉长安城南郊西汉社稷建筑初探 (The temple buildings for the gods of the soil and grain in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an). Xianyang Shifan Xueyuan xuebao 咸阳师范学院学报 (‘Journal of Xianyang Normal University’) 22.1: 1–8. Brief English abstract, p. 8.

Liu Wenrui 刘文瑞. 1987. ‘Shilun Xi Han Chang’an de weixing chengzhen’ 试论西汉长安的卫星城镇 (The satellite towns of Han Chang’an). Shǎnxi difangzhi tongxun 陕西地方志通讯 (Shaanxi local gazetteer news) 1987.5: 40–••.

Liu Yangzhi 刘仰智, and Guo Fengping 郭风平. 2008. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yu gu Luoma cheng liangshi wenti yanjiu’ 汉长安城与古罗马城粮食问题研究 (‘Study on the food problem in Chang’an city in Han dynasty and ancient Roman Empire’). Anhui nongye kexue 安徽农业科学 (‘Journal of Anhui agricultural science’) 36.36: 16244–16246.

Liu Yunhui 刘云辉. 2007. ‘Wuku yizhi chutu de yudiao guaishou wei xiezhi kao’ 武库遗址出土的玉雕怪兽为獬豸考 (The strange animal on a jade carving found at the armoury site is a xiezhi). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.1: 12–13.

Liu Yunyong 刘运勇. 1982. Xi Han Chang’an 西汉长安 (Western Han Chang’an). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中華書局. 144 pp.

Liu Yunyong 刘运勇. 1992. ‘Zai lun Xi Han Chang’an buju ji xingcheng yuanyin’ 再论西汉长安布局结构及形成原因 (Again on the arrangement of Western Han Chang’an and the reason for its form). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1992.7: 640–645, 639.

Liu Zhendong 刘振东, and Zhang Jianfeng 张建锋. 2006. ‘Xi Han Changle Gong yizhi de faxian yu chubu yanjiu’ 西汉长乐宫遗址的发现与初步研究 (Discovery of the site of the Western Han Changle Palace and preliminary studies). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 886–893 + pls 1–2, 4–5, 8. Brief English abstract, p. 886.

Liu Zhiping 刘致平. 1957. ‘Xi’an xibei jiao gudai jianzhu yizhi kancha chuji’ 西安西北郊古代建筑遗址勘查初记 (Preliminary report on a survey of a building site in the northwestern suburb of Xi’an). Wenwu cankao ziliao 文物参考资料 (Cultural relics reference materials) 1957.3: •••.

Lizhi jianzhu. 2003. Xi Han lizhi jianzhu yizhi 西汉礼制建筑遗址 (Ritual building site of the Western Han period). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 24 + 246 pp. + numerous pls. English summary, pp. 243–246.

Loewe, Michael. 1994. ‘Wang Mang and His Forbears: The Making of the Myth’. T’oung Pao 80.4/5: 197-222. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4528636

Lu Xiqi 鲁西奇, and Ma Jian 马剑. 2009. ‘Chengqiang nei de chengshi? Zhongguo gudai zhisuo chengshi xingtai de zai renshi’ 城墙内的城市？– 中国古代治所城市形态的再认识 (Cities within walls? New light on the form of ancient Chinese administrative cities). Zhongguo shehui jingji shi yanjiu 中国社会经济史研究 (‘The journal of Chinese social and economic history’) 2009.2: 7–16.

Lu Yingjing 陆莹晶, and Huang Xianfeng 黄险峰. 2010. ‘Tang, Han Chang’an chengzhi guihua de bijiao’ 唐、汉长安城市规划之比较 (‘Studies on the Comparison between Tang and Han Chang'an’). Jiazhi gongcheng 价值工程 (Value engineering) 2010.2: 218–219. Brief English abstract, p. 218.

Ma Xianxing 馬先醒. 1973. Han-dai Chang’an cheng zhi yingzhu ji qi xingzhi 漢代長安城之營築及其形制 (The building of Han Chang’an and its character). Zhongguo Wenhua Xueyuan 中國文化學院. 44 pp.

Ma Xianxing 馬先醒. 1976. ‘Han Chang’an lidi kao’ 汉长安里第考 (The wards of Han Chang’an). In Han jian yu Han-dai chengshi 漢簡與漢代城市. Taibei: Jiandu she 簡牘社.

Ma Zhenglin 马正林. 1979. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingqi yiqian Xi’an diqu de ziran huanjing’ 汉长安城兴起以前西安地区的自然环境 (The natural environment of the Xi’an region before the rise of Han Chang’an). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 1979.3: 56–66.

Ma Zhenglin 马正林. 1992. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingzhuang bianxi’ 汉长安城形状辨析 (The shape of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1992.5: 87–90, 38.

Ma Zhenglin 马正林. 1994. ‘Han Chang’an cheng zongti buju de dili tezheng’ 汉长安城总体布局的地理特征 (Geographical characteristics of the overall layout of Han Chang’an). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 23.4: 60–66.

Ma Zhenglin 马正林. 1995. ‘Lun Han Chang’an yuanlin’ 论汉长安园林 (The parks of Han Chang’an). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 24.4: 114–118.

Meng Fanren 孟凡人. 1994. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingzhi buju zhong de jige wenti’ 汉长安城性质布局中的几个问题 (Some debated questions on the form and arrangement of Han Chang’an). In Han Tang yu bianjiang kaogu yanjiu 汉唐与边疆考古研究 (‘Archaeological researches on the Han–Tang period and border areas of ancient China’). Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社, vol. 1, pp. 48–66.

Nakamura Keiji 中村圭爾, and Xin Deyong 辛德勇, eds. 2004. Zhong Ri gudai chengshi yanjiu (Chinese and Japanese research on ancient cities). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe 中国社会科学出版社. ••• pp.

Nylan, Michael, and Michael Loewe, eds. 2010. China’s early empires: A re-appraisal (University of Cambridge Oriental publications 67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xxiv + 630 pp.

Pirazzoli-t’Serstevens, Michèle. 2010. ‘Urbanism’. In China’s early empires: A re-appraisal, edited by Michael Nylan and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 169–185.

Qin Jianming 秦建明, Zhang Zaiming 张在明, and Yang Zheng 杨政. 1995. ‘Shǎnxi faxian yi Han Chang’an wei zhongxin de Xi Han nanbei xiang chaochang jianzhu jixian’ 陕西发现以汉长安城为中心的西汉南北向超长建筑基线 (A north-south axis with Han Chang’an at the centre discovered in Shaanxi). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1995.3: 4–15.

Quan Dongji 权东计, and Zhu Haixia 朱海霞. 2003. ‘Han Chang’an cheng baohu yu liyong fazhan zhanlüe yanjiu’ 汉长安城保护与利用发展战略研究 (Strategy for the protection and utilization of Han Chang’an). Jingji dili 经济地理 (‘Economic geography’) 23.3: 409–413.

Sahara Yasuo 佐原康夫. 1991. ‘Kan Ch&omacr;anj&omacr; Mi&omacr;ky&umacr; sang&omacr; kenchiku ishi ni tsuite’ 漢長安城未央宮三號建築遺址について (Building site no. 3 of Weiyang gong in Han Chang’an). Shirin 史林 74.1: 102–117.

Sahara Yasuo 佐原康夫. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng zaikao’ 汉长安城再考 (Further studies of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 85–93. Tr. by Zhang Hongyan 张宏彦.

Sat&omacr; Taketoshi 佐藤武敏. 1971. Ch&omacr;an 長安 (Chang’an). T&omacr;ky&omacr;: Kond&omacr; Shuppansha 近藤出版社. 283 + 7 pp.

Sat&omacr; Taketoshi 佐藤武敏. 2004. Ch&omacr;an 長安 (Chang’an). T&omacr;ky&omacr;: K&omacr;dansha 講談社. 329 pp.

Seo Tatsuhiko 妹尾達彦. 2001. Ch&omacr;an no toshi keikaku 長安の都市計画 (City planning in Chang’an). (K&omacr;dansha sensho mechie 講談社選書メチエ, 223 T&omacr;ky&omacr;: K&omacr;dansha 講談社. 251 pp.

Shan Jixiang 单霁翔. 2009. ‘Lun Zhongguo daxing gudai chengshi yizhi de zhengti baohu’ 论中国大型古代城市遗址的整体保护 (‘On the overall conservation of Chinese large-scale city-sites’). Dongnan wenhua 东南文化 (‘Southeast culture’) 2009.2: 7–15. Brief English abstract, p. 15.

Shang Minjie 尚民杰. 2001. ‘Ming Xi’an fucheng zengzhu niandai kao’ 明西安府城曾筑年代考 (The date of the refurbishment of the Ming city wall of Xi’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2001.1: 38–44.

Shang Minjie 尚民杰. 2003. ‘Xi Han yihou de Weiyang Gong’ 西汉以后的未央宫 (The Weiyang Palace after the Western Han dynasty). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2003.2: 56–59, 69.

Shǎnxi Shuili. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi chutu erqian duo nian qian paizhui qudao’ 汉长安城遗址出土二千多年前排水渠道 (A 2000-year-old drainage channel unearthed at the site of Han Chang’an). Shǎnxi Shuili 陕西水利 (Shaanxi water conservancy) 2001.3: 45.

Shi nian’. 1991. ‘Shi nian lai Shǎnxi sheng wenwu kaogu de xin faxian’ 十年来陕西省文物考古的新发现 (New archaeological discoveries in Shaanxi in the last ten years). In Wenwu kaogu gongzuo shi nian 1979–1989 文物考古工作十年1979–1989. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 293–315 + pl. 26.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1986. ‘Zhongguo gu du xue chuyi’ 中国古都学刍议 (A humble opinion on the study of China’s ancient capitals). Zhejiang xuekan 浙江学刊 (Zhejiang journal) 1986.Z1: 189–203.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1990–1991. ‘Zhongguo gudu gaishuo 1–6’ 中国古都概说 (Review of China’s ancient capitals). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’): 19.1: 3–18, 19.2: 81–94, 19.3: 66–75, 19.4: 39–51, 20.1: 99–111, 20.2: 66–73.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1992. ‘Lun Xi’an zhouwei zhu he liuliang de bianhua’ 论西安周围诸河流量的变化 (Changes in the rate of flow of rivers in the vicinity of Xi’an). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 21.3.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1993. ‘Zhongguo gu du he wenhua’ 中国古都和文化 (China’s ancient capitals and culture). Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1993.4: 1–39.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1994. ‘Zhongguo gu du de bianqian yu wenhua rongtong’ 中国古都的变迁与文化融通 (Changes in China’s ancient capitals and the contemporary circulation of culture). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 23.4: 13–22.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1995. ‘Gudai yinyue xiqu zashua yu gu du wenhua’ 古代音乐戏曲杂耍与古都文化 (Ancient music, opera, and drama and the culture of the capital). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]’) 24.2: 60–67.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1995. ‘Xi’an diqu dixing de lishi yanbian’ 西安地区地形的历史演变 (Historical changes in the topography of the Xi’an region). Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1995.4: 33–54.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1996. Xi’an lishi dituji 西安历史地图集 (Historical atlas of Xi’an). Xi’an. 179 pp.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1997. ‘Zui zao jianzhi ducheng de gousi ji qi yingxiang’ 最早建置都城的构思及其影响 (The plans of the earliest Chinese capitals and their influence). Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1997.4: 1–22.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1998. ‘«Zhouli · Kao gong ji · Jiangren ying guo» de zhuanzhu yuanyuan’ 《周礼· 考工记· 匠人营国》的撰著渊源 (The origin of the chapter on capital city planning in Kao gong ji). Chuantong wenhua yu xiandaihua 传统文化与现代化 (Traditional culture and modernization) 1998.3: 46–56.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1998. ‘Han Tang Chang’an cheng yu shengtai huanjing’ 汉唐长安城与生态环境 (Han and Tang Chang’an and their natural environment). Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1998.1: 1–19.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1998. ‘Han-dai Chang’an cheng de yingjian guimo - Jin yi ci wen gonghe Bai Shouyi jiaoshou jiushi dashou’ 汉代长安城的营建规模—谨以此文恭贺白寿彝教授九十大寿 (The scale of construction of Han Chang’an: In honour of Professor Bai Shouyi’s 90th birthday). Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 1998.2: 1–40, 239.

Shi Nianhai 史念海. 1998. ‘Zui zao jianzhi ducheng de gousi ji qi dui Han Tang zhu dai de yingxiang’ 最早建置都城的构思及其对汉唐诸代的影响 (The plans of China’s earliest capitals and their influence in the Han and Tang periods). Datong Zhiye Jishuxue Xueyuan xuebao 大同职业技术学院学报 (‘Journal of Datong College’) 12.3: 1–11, 21.

Shouhuo’. 1979. ‘Jianguo yilai Shǎnxi sheng wenwu kaogu de shouhuo’ 建国以来陕西省文物考古的收获 (Archaeological results in Shaanxi since the founding of the Republic). In Wenwu kaogu gongzuo sanshi nian 1949–1979 文物考古工作三十年1949–1979. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社, pp. 123–138 + pl. 11.

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 1986. ‘Why Were Chang’an and Beijing so Different?’. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45.4: 339–357. http://www.jstor.org/stable/990206

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 1990. Chinese Imperial city planning. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. xii + 228 pp.

Tan Qianxue 谭前学. 2010. ‘Xi Han “Weiyang gong” gongming hanyi xiaokao’ 西汉“未央宫”宫名含义小考 (The meaning of the name of the Western Han Weiyang Palace). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2010.1: 31–33.

Tang Jinyu 唐金裕. 1959. ‘Xi’an xijiao Han-dai jianzhu yizhi fajue baogao’ 西安西郊汉代建筑遗址发掘报告 (A Han-period building site in the western suburb of Xi’an). Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 (Acta archaeologia Sinica) 1959.2: 45–55 + pls 1–10 + foldout. English abstract, pp. 54–55.

Wang Hanzhang 王翰章. 2005. ‘Xi’an – Zhongguo shisi chao gudu. – Jianlun Wu Zhou jiandu Chang’an wenti’ 西安–中国十四朝古都　–　兼论武周建都长安问题 (Xi’an, ancient capital of 14 Chinese dynasties. With a note on the question of Empress Wu’s 武后 capital at Chang’an [690–705] ). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.2: 70–74.

Wang Mingde 王明德. 2007. ‘Lun Zhongguo ducheng de dong jian’ 论中国都城的东渐 (The gradual eastward movement of China’s capitals). Yindu xuekan 殷都学刊 (‘Yindu journal’) 2007.3: 23–31. Brief English abstract, p. 31.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 1992. ‘Lun Han Chang’an cheng xingzhi buju zhong de jige wenti’ 论汉长安城形制布局中的几个问题 (Some problems on the layout of Han Chang’an). Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Journal of Chinese Historical Geography’) 1992.2: 131–143, 251.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 1999. ‘Han Chang’an cheng ba jie jiu mo’ 汉长安城八街九陌 (The “eight streets and nine lanes” of the Han city of Chang’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1999.1: 25–28.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng dou cheng laiyou zaitan’ 汉长安城斗城来由再探 (The origin of the “dipper wall” of Han Chang’an). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2001.4: 60–62, 84.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 2003. ‘Shi Nianhai xiansheng yu Zhongguo guduxue yanjiu’ 史念海先生与中国古都学研究 (Shi Nianhai and the study of China’s ancient capitals). Shixueshi yanjiu 史学史研究 (‘Journal of historiography’) 2003.1: 32–39.

Wang Shejiao 王社教. 2009. Han Chang’an cheng 汉长安城 (The Han city of Chang’an). Xi’an: Xi’an Chubanshe 西安出版社. 230 pp.

Wang Shiren 王世仁. 1963. ‘Han Chang’an cheng nanjiao lizhi jianzhu (Datumencun yizhi) yuanzhuang de tuice’ 汉长安城南郊礼制建筑(大土门村遣址)原状的推刚 (Reconstruction of a ritual structure in the southern suburb of Han Chang’an [the Datumencun site]). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1963.9: 501–515 + fold-outs.

Wang Xueli 王学理. 2007. ‘Cong Qin Xianyang dao Han Chang’an de chengzhi chongdie (shang)’ 从秦咸阳到汉长安的城制重叠(上) (Superimposed city plans from Qin Xianyang to Han Chang’an, part 1). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.5: 4–10.

Wang Xueli 王学理. 2007. ‘Cong Qin Xianyang dao Han Chang’an de chengzhi chongdie (xia)’ 从秦咸阳到汉长安的城制重叠(下) (Superimposed city plans from Qin Xianyang to Han Chang’an, part 2). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2007.6: 4–10.

Wang Yintian 王银田, and He Pei 何培. 2010. ‘Han-dai chengqiang qianyi’ 汉代城墙浅议 (The city walls of the Han period). Zhongyuan wenwu 中原文物 (‘Cultural relics of central China’) 2010.2: 50–53, 65.

Wang Zhijie 王志杰. 1998. ‘Xi Han Sanfu zhi yuanlin jingguan’ 西汉三辅之园林景观 (Park landscapes of the Sanfu [Three Adjuncts] region in Western Han). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1998.6: 54–57.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊, Bai Yunxiang 白云翔, Liu Qingzhu 刘庆柱, Liu Zhendong 刘振东, An Jiayao 安家瑶, Li Yuchun 李遇春, Li Yufang 李毓芳, Zhang Jianfeng 张建锋, and Huang Zhanyue 黄展岳. 2006. ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu 50 nian bitan’ 汉长安城考古50周年笔谈 (Symposium on fifty years of Han Chang’an archaeology). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2006.10: 867–875. Brief English abstract, p. 867.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1957. ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo de chubu shouhuo’ 漠长安城考古工作的初步收获 (First results from archaeological work at Han Chang’an). Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1957.5: 102–110 + pls 19–22.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1958. ‘Han Chang’an cheng kaogu gongzuo shouhuo xuji – Xuanping men de fajue’ 漠疾安城考古工作收镬续记—宣平城门的发掘 (Further results from archaeological work at Han Chang’an: Excavation of Xuanping Gate). Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1958.4: 23–32 + pls 1–4.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1982. ‘Zhongguo gudai ducheng gaishuo’ 中国古代都城概说 (China’s ancient capitals). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1982.5: 505–515.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1982. Han civilization. Translated by K. C. Chang a.o. (Early Chinese civilization series New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 261 pp.

Wang Zhongshu 王仲殊. 1984. Han-dai kaoguxue gaishuo (Survey of Han archaeology). (Kaoguxue zhuankan A.16 考古学专刊　甲种第十六号 Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中華書局. 109 pp. + 36 pls. Original of Wang Zhongshu 1982.

Wang Zijin 王子今. 1997. ‘Xi Han Chang’an de “Hu wu”’ 西汉长安的“ 胡巫” (The ‘Barbarian shamans’ of Han Chang’an). Minzu yanjiu 民族研究 (‘Ethno-national studies’) 1997.5: 64–70.

Wang Zijin 王子今. 2007. ‘Xi Han Chang’an jumin de shengcun kongjian’ 西汉长安居民的生存空间 (The living space of the inhabitants of Han Chang’an). Renwen zazhi 人文杂志 (Humanities journal) 2007.2: 150–158.

Weiji baike. 2010 [accessed]. ‘Han Chang’an cheng’ 汉长安城 (The Han city of Chang’an). Weiji baike 维基百科 (Chinese Wikipedia). http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/%E6%B1%89%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%8E

Weiyang gong. 1996. Han Chang'an cheng Weiyang gong: 1980-1989 nian kaogu fajue baogao 汉长安城未央宫　1980–1989年考古发掘报告 (The Weiyang Palace of Han Chang’an: Excavations 1980–1989). 2 vols. (Zhongguo tian ye kao gu bao gao ji. Kao gu xue zhuan kan. Ding zhong di 50 hao 中国田野考古报告集考古学专刊丁种第50号 Beijing: Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu Chubanshe 中国大百科全书出版社.

Wenbo. 1997. ‘Shǎnxi sheng wenwu pucha zhuanhao’ 陕西省文物普查专号 (Theme issue: Survey of cultural relics of Shaanxi province). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1997.3.

Wenbo. 2005. ‘Han Changlegong si-hao gongdian yizhi baohu gongcheng’ 汉长乐宫4号宫殿遗址保护工程 (Project for the preservation of the site of Building no. 4 of the Han Changle Palace). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.4: 44–45.

Wenwu cankao ziliao. 1956. ‘Xi’an Han cheng yizhi fujin faxian Han-dai tong ding shi kuai’ 西安汉城遗址附近发现汉代铜锭十块 (Ten Han-period copper ingots discovered near the Han city in Xi’an). Wenwu cankao ziliao 文物参考资料 (Cultural relics reference materials) 1956.3: •••.

Wenwu. 1972. ‘Chang’an Wotouzhai Han-dai qianfan yizhi diaocha’ 长安窝头寨汉代钱范遗址调查 (A Han-period coin-mould site at Wotouzhai in Chang’an). Wenwu 文物 (‘Cultural relics’) 1972.5: 31–32, 55.

Wright, Arthur F. 1965. ‘Symbolism and Function: Reflections on Changan and Other Great Cities’. Journal of Asian Studies 24.4: 667-679.

Wu Bolun 武伯纶. 1979. Xi’an lishi shulüe 西安历史述略 (A brief history of Xi’an). Xi’an: Shǎnxi Renmin Chubanshe 陕西人民出版社.

Wu Hongqi 吴宏岐. 1997. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingqi yu shuailuo yuanyin de fengshui jieshi’ 汉长安城兴起与衰落原因的风水学解释 (A fengshui explanation for the rise and decline of Han Chang’an). Tangdu xuekan 唐都学刊 (‘Tangdu Journal’) 13.3: 35–38.

Wu Hung [巫鴻]. 1995. Monumentality in early Chinese art and architecture. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. xx+376 pp.

Wu Rongzeng 吴荣曾. 2000. ‘Xi Han gujian zhong suojian de gongguan’ 西汉骨签中所见的工官 (Offices of Works named on Western Han bone slips.). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 2000.9: 840–848. Brief English abstract, p. 840.

Wu Zhenfeng 吴镇烽. 1999. ‘Zai lun Shanglin Sanguan zhuqian yizhi’ 再论上林三官铸钱遗址 (Once more on the Shanglin Sanguan coin-foundry site). Zhongguo qianbi 中国钱币 (‘China numismatics’) 1999.1: 12–15, 57.

Wuku. 2005. Han Chang’an cheng wuku 汉长安城武库 (‘Armoury in Chang’an city of the Han period’). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 184 pp. + 83 pls. English abstract, pp. 181–184.

Xi’an. 1959. Xi’an lishi shilüe 西安历史事略 (A short history of Xi’an). Xi’an. 137 pp.

Xiang Yang 相阳. 1992. Xi’an, ancienne capitale de la Chine 中国古都西安. Beijing: Editions en Langues Etrangères (Waiwen Chubanshe 外文出版社). 163 pp.

Xiao Gang 小刚. 2005. ‘Han Chang’an cheng – Zhongguo zui zao de guoji dadu’ 汉长安城—中国最早的国际大都市 (Han Chang’an: China’s first international capital). Shǎnxi Shenji 陕西审计 (Shaanxi audit) 2005.S2: 42.

Xin Zhongguo. 1961. Xin Zhongguo de kaogu shouhuo 新中国的考古收获 (‘Archaeology in New China’). (Kaoguxue zhuankan A6 考古学专刊甲种第六号 Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 136 pp. + 130 pls.

Xin Zhongguo. 1984. Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he yanjiu 新中国的考古发现和研究 (‘Archaeological excavation and researches in New China’). (Kaoguxue zhuankan A.17 考古学专刊　甲种第十七号 Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe 文物出版社. 663 pp. + 216 pls + 24 colour pls. .

Xin Zhongguo. 1984/2007. Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he yanjiu 新中国的考古发现和研究 (‘Archaeological excavation and researches in New China’). (Kaoguxue zhuankan A.17 考古学专刊　甲种第十七号 Beijing: Fangzhi Chubanshe 方志出版社. 650 pp. + 216 pls + 24 colour pls. .

Xing Yitian 邢義田. 2000. ‘Han Weiyang gong qiandian chutu mujian de xingzhi’ 漢未央宮前殿遺址出土木簡的性質 (Wooden texts unearthed in the front building of the Weiyang Palace). Dalu zazhi 大陸雜誌 (‘The Continent magazine’) 100.6: 1–4.

Xu Junfeng 徐君峰. 1993. ‘Xi Han Chang’an zhi shichang ji qi fanrong de dili yinsu’ 西汉长安之市场及其繁荣的地理因素 (The markets of Western Han Chang’an and the geographical factors in their flourishing). Renwen zazhi 人文杂志 (Humanities journal) 1993.5: 88–91.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民, and Fang Yuan 方原. 2009. ‘Han Chang’an cheng zhibei yanjiu’ 汉长安城植被研究 (The vegetation of Han Chang’an). Xibei Daxue xuebao (Ziran kexue ban) 西北大学学报(自然科学版) (‘Journal of NorthwestUniversity [Natural Science Edition]’ 39.5: 846–850. Brief English abstract, p. 850.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 1991. ‘Xi Han Shanglinyuan gongdian taiguan kao’ 西汉上林苑宫殿台观考 (The palaces and temples of the Park of the Supreme Forest). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1991.4: 34–41.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 1994. ‘Xi Han Shanglinyuan de jige wenti’ 西汉上林苑的几个问题 (Some questions concerning the Western Han Park of the Supreme Forest). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1994.4: 17–23.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 2007. ‘Han Chang’an cheng dui zhoubian shui huanjing de gaizao yu liyong’ 汉长安城对周边水环境的改造与利用 (The transformation and utilization of the surrounding water environment in Han Chang’an). Henan Keji Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 河南科技大学学报(社会科学版) (‘Journal of Henan University of Science and Technology [Social science]’) 25.6: 5–10. Brief English abstract, p. 10.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 2008. ‘Han Chang’an cheng de li-zhi yanjiu’ 汉长安城中的里制研究 (The ward system of Han Chang’an). Tangdu xuekan 唐都学刊 (‘Tangdu Journal’) 24.3: 1–5. Brief English abstract, p. 5.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 2008. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xingzhuang xingcheng yuanyin xintan’ 汉长安城形状形成原因新探 (The reason for the shape of Han Chang’an). Fujian luntan · Renwen shehui kexue ban 福建论坛·人文社会科学版 (Fujian forum: Humanities and social science) 2008.2: 53–57.

Xu Weimin 徐卫民. 2009. ‘Han Chang’an cheng dui Qin du Xianyang de jicheng yu chuangxin’ 汉长安城对秦都咸阳的继承与创新 (Continuity and innovation between Xianyang, capital of Qin, and Han Chang’an). Tangdu xuekan 唐都学刊 (‘Tangdu Journal’) 25.1: 1–5. Brief English abstract, p. 5.

Yang Hongxun 杨鸿勋. 2001. Gongdian kaogu tonglun 宫殿考古通论 (The archaeology of palaces). Beijing: Zijincheng Chubanshe. ••• pp.

Yang Kuan 杨宽. 1984. ‘Xi Han Chang’an buju jiegou de tantao’ 西汉长安布局结构的探讨 (The arrangement and structure of Han Chang’an). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 1984.1 (chuangkan hao 创刊号): 19–24.

Yang Kuan 杨宽. 1989. ‘Xi Han Chang’an buju jiegou de zai tantao’ 西汉长安布局结构的再探讨 (Once again on the arrangement and structure of Western Han Chang’an). Kaogu 考古 (‘Archaeology’) 1989.4: 348–356. Repr., Yang Kuan 1993: 573–592.

Yang Kuan 杨宽. 2003. Zhongguo gudai ducheng zhidu shi yanjiu 中国古代都城制度史研究 (Historical studies of the capital system of ancient China). Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe 上海人民出版社.

Yang Kuan 楊寬. 1993. Zhongguo gudai ducheng zhidu shi yanjiu 中國古代都城制度史研究 (Studies on the arrangement of ancient Chinese capital cities). Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe 上海古籍出版社. 613 pp.

Yao Shengmin 铫生民. 1992. ‘Guanyu Han Ganquan gong zhuti jianzhu weizhi wenti’ 关于汉甘泉宫主体建筑位置问题 (The position of the major building of Ganquan Palace). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 1992.2: 93–98, 67.

Yao Shengmin 铫生民. 2003. Ganquan gong zhi 甘泉宫志 (On the Ganquan Palace). Xi’an: San Qin Chubanshe 三秦出版社. ••• pp.

Yu Jie 余洁, and Tang Long 唐龙. 2008. ‘Cheng jiaoqu da yizhi baohu yongdi liuzhuan de zhidu fenxi – yi Han Chang’an cheng yizhi qu wei li’ 城郊区大遗址保护用地流转的制度分析 – 以西安市汉长安城遗址区为例 (‘The institutional analysis of the heritage protection land transference in large archaeological sites in a city suburban conglomerate: The case of the Han dynasty Chang’an City heritage site in Xi’an’). Chengshi fazhan yanjiu 城市发展研究 (‘Urban Studies’) 15.5: 128–134.

Yu Jie 余洁, Tang Long 唐龙, and Pan Qiuling 潘秋玲. 2009. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yizhi qu fazhan fanglüe’ 汉长安城遗址区发展方略 (Development plan for the Han Chang’an city-site). Chengshi wenti 城市问题 (‘Urban problems’) 2009.3.

Yu Weichao 俞伟超. 1956. ‘Han Chang’an cheng xibei bu kancha ji’ 汉长安城西北部勘查记 (Survey of the northwestern part of Han Chang’an). Kaogu tongxun 考古通讯 (Archaeological bulletin) 1956.5: 20–26 + pl. 7.

Yuan Lin 袁林, and He Guanghan 和广汉. 2002. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Guigong si-hao yizhi chutu qianbi jieshao’ 汉长安城桂宫四号遗址出土钱币介绍 (Coins unearthed at site no. 4 of Guigong Palace at Han Chang’an). Xi’an jinrong 西安金融 (Xi’an finance) 2002.3: 59.

Zhang Hong 张宏. 2009. ‘Da yizhi baohu zhong juluo banqian yanjiu – yi Han Chang’an cheng wei li’ 大遗址保护中聚落搬迁研究 – 以汉长安城为例 (‘A Study of Village Movement in Preservation of Large Historic Cities – On the Case of Han Chang’an City’). Shangrao Shifan Daxue xuebao 上饶师范学院学报 (‘Journal of Shangrao Normal University’) 29.1: 58–64. Brief English abstract, p. 64.

Zhang Huiru 张慧茹. 2006. ‘Han Chang’an cheng Yinmaqiao weizhi bianwu’ 汉长安城饮马桥位置辨误 (Correction of the location of Yinma Bridge of Han Chang’an). Shǎnxi Shifan Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban 陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (‘Journal of Shaanxi Normal University [Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition]) 35.5: 45.

Zhang Yonglu 张永禄, ed. 1993. Han-dai Chang’an cidian (Dictionary of Han Chang’an). (Xi’an difangzhi congshu 西安地方志丛书. Xi’an: Shǎnxi Renmin Chubanshe 陕西人民出版社. 614 pp.

Zhang Zuqun 张祖群. 2006. ‘Da yizhi de wenhua jiazhi, jingji jazhi fenyi tantao – Han Chang’an cheng anli’ 大遗址的文化价值、经济价值分异探讨—汉长安城案例 (The cultural and economic value of large sites – the example of Han Chang’an). Beijing Ligong Daxue xuebao (Shehui kexue ban) 北京理工大学学报( 社会科学版) (‘Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, Social sciences edition’) 8.1: 22–25. Brief English abstract, p. 25.

Zhao Xiaoming 赵晓明. 2005. ‘Xi Han Xuan-di Benshi wu nian qianfan de faxian ji qi renshi’ 西汉宣帝本始五年钱范的发现及其认识 (The discovery and recognition of coin-moulds dated to the 5th year of Emperor Xuan-di’s Benshi reign period [69 BCE?]). Wenbo 文博 (Relics and museology) 2005.6: 48–52.

Zhou Changshan 周长山. 2001. ‘Han Chang’an cheng yu “Kao gong ji”’ 汉长安城与«考工记» (Han Chang’an and Kao gong ji|). Wenwu chunqiu 文物春秋 (Cultural relics annals) 2001.4: 50–53.

Zhou Changshan 周长山. 2001. Han-dai chengshi yanjiu 汉代城市研究 (Research on Han cities). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe 人民出版社. ••• pp.

Zhou Changshan 周长山. 2003. ‘Han dai de chengguo’ 汉代的城郭 (City walls of the Han period). Kaogu yu wenwu 考古与文物 (‘Archaeology and cultural relics’) 2003.2: 45–55. English abstract, p. 55.

Zhou Huijuan 周会娟. 2007. ‘Cong fengshui lilun defazhan kan Han Chang’an cheng de xingshuai’ 从风水理论的发展看汉长安城的兴衰 (The rise and decline of Han Chang’an in the light of the development of fengshui theory). Harbin Daxue xuebao 哈尔滨学院学报 (‘Journal of Harbin University’) 28.11: 83–86. Brief English abstract, p. 86.

Zhou Weizhou 周伟洲. 2003. ‘Xi Han Chang’an yu Nanhai zhuguo de jiaotong ji wanglai’ 西汉长安与南海诸国的交通及往来 (The intercourse between Chang’an and the Nanhai states in the Western Han dynasty). Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 (‘Collections of essays on Chinese Historical Geography’) 18.4: 38–44, 158–159.